Distributive Justice and Its Relevance Under Indian...

PAPER ON THE TOPIC THE PHILOSOPHY OF DISTRUBUTIVE JUSTICE AND ITS RELEVANCE UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION The jurisprudence of distributive justice, according to juristic cynics, is an essay in illusion. The basic social system is built on gross inequalities and the power to lobby and mould State policy, even judicial policy, is heavily in the hands of the proprietariat. Being social realists and meliorists we have to work with the materials that we have and try to read the constitutional provisions in such a manner that the human essence of distributive justice is won by dynamic interpretation and socialist understanding. The Indian Constitution visualizes an affirmative State action for bringing about a new social order based on justice,†¦show more content†¦The power of justice is so great that it strengthens and excites a person fighting for just cause. All wars have been fought by all parties in the name of justice, and same is true of the political conflict between social classes. On the other hand, the very fact of this almost ubiquitous applicability of the principle of justice prompts the suspicion that something may be wrong with an idea that can be invoked for any cause. Social groupings of today are dynamic, not static, and they do not find the ideal equipoise in a condition of mere imperturbability. Justice is considered to be the primary goal of a welfare state whose very existence in turn rests on the parameters of justice. The greatest contrast, however, between ancient and modern thinking about the social harmony of justice is in the changed conception of individual personality in relation of law. I. The problem of Justice The importance of the subject of justice and the frequency of its use would naturally lead one to believe that there is an accepted definition of justice or, if not, at least a workable definition of justice is capable of being carved out. But defining justice is not as easy as it appears to be. There are difficulties inherent in the concept of justice and it is because of this reason that it is wholly indeterminate and belies all attempts to define it. Hens Kelsen perturbedly remarked: No other question has beenShow MoreRelatedHistory And Evolution Of The Juvenile Legal System1792 Words   |  8 Pageschildren in their societal fabric in its venture to diversification and development by empowering and mainstreaming children. Child-centric human rights jurisprudence has become pivotal in the law’s role in social engineering. This project†Juvenile Justice- A critical analysis on its societal and legal impact â€Å"shall focus on the effects of the existing legal system for the protection and prosecution of children. However, the word juvenile has been used together and interchangeably with the term ‘delinquency’Read MoreDeviance And Its Impact On Society2989 Words   |  12 Pagesonly when these resources. 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Anxiety Disorders Are The Most Common Mental Illness Essay

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the United States, affecting 40 million adults ages 18 and older, this is about 18% of the population (National Institute of Mental Health). Anxiety disorders are associated with the impairment of several domains of functioning, including the impairment of relationships, care giving and job productivity (DeBoer, Powers, Utschig, Otto Smits, 2012). Anxiety disorders are a growing concern in our society, especially among college-aged teenagers/young adults. For quite some time, people have been looking for ways to decrease their levels of anxiety without the use of traditional prescribed medicine. There has been several studies done that show that there is a positive correlation between increased physical activity and an increase in a person’s state of well-being and mood patterns as well as a decrease in their anxiety levels. According to Broman-Fulks, Berman, Rabian, and Webster, â€Å"Aerobic exercise has been shown t o reduce generalized anxiety, and may also reduce anxiety sensitivity through exposure to feared physiological sensations.† There is a great deal of evidence that backs up the notion that exercise is indeed an effective way to reduce one’s symptoms of anxiety. A person that experiences anxiety finds it difficult to control their worrying and keep worrisome thoughts from getting in the way of doing the tasks they are given. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V, adults with generalizedShow MoreRelatedAnxiety Disorders : The Most Common Mental Health Illness That Affect Children2242 Words   |  9 PagesAnxiety disorders are the most common mental health illness that affect children and the amount of children affected by this mental illness has increased considerably in the past century. 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Morality and the Death Penalty Essay Sample free essay sample

In this paper. the two sides of the issue of the decease punishment. pro and con. every bit good as the morality of the subject will be discussed. Opinions from both sides are presented and discussed. as I shape and present my statement on the topic. The argument has gone on for centuries. and has been brought to the head by great figures. both historical and modern-day. Some of their positions are used here to patch together my instance. In â€Å"The Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals† Kant argues three major points. These can be summarized as follows: ( 1 ) We are all. as human existences. terminals in ourselves. and non to be used as mere agencies by others ( 2 ) Respect for one’s ain humanity involves respect for others ; ( 3 ) Morality is itself indistinguishable with freedom. and moving amorally involves being enslaved. Kant believed that moral judgements must be a priori judgements. intending it is known prior to see. and is known independently of experience. The rule upon which moral judgements should trust is known as The Categorical Imperative. intending all our actions should be based on cosmopolitan rules. unconditioned regulations that apply as a affair of ground or reason. If a regulation passes the Categorical Imperative trial. so that action is morally allowable. If it fails the trial. so that action is morally out. and. hence. the opposite action is morally required. In the instance of the decease punishment. a cosmopolitan axiom must use that is unconditioned. In order to prove the catholicity of any regulation ( such as the moral permissibility of state-sanctioned slaying ) an illustration that potentially contradicts the axiom can be imagined. In other words. under what conditions would it be morally impermissible for the province to approve decease punishment judgements against felons? Kant. himself. nevertheless. felt that liquidators should be put to decease on history of the rule of equal and merely requital. That merely the jurisprudence of requital can find the sort and grade of penalty. If the decease punishment is non applicable to all instances. it can non be a cosmopolitan regulation. While there are frequently offenses that are flagitious and inhumane. and the passions desire retaliatory justness. it is non possible to reason a principle for slaying felons. Van den Haag. taking the Kantian position. asks whether if there is nil for the interest of which 1 may be put to decease. can at that place be nil deserving deceasing for? He goes on to inquire whether â€Å"a value system in which any life. no affair how it is lived. becomes the highest of goods. enhances the value of human life or cheapens it? † Van den Haag therefore argues that an grasp of human self-respect really demands the decease punishment. He claims. â€Å"To garbage to penalize any offense with decease. so. is to affirm that the negative weight of a offense can neer transcend the positive value of the life of the individual who committed it. I find that proposition implausible. † In reasoning for the value of the decease punishment. nevertheless. Van den Haag implicitly contradicts two basic premises of Kant’s positions. which are ( 1 ) we are all. as human existences. terminals in ourselves. and non to be used as mere agencies by others. Worlds are non to be used as agencies to an terminal. which in the instance of the decease punishment requires that felons non be murdered as agencies towards justness ; and ( 2 ) Respect for one’s ain humanity finds involves regard for others. In instances of the decease punishment. regard for others is contradicted by penalizing the felon. since the victims are being â€Å"respected† through an act of slaying that disrespects the individual being murdered. Utilitarianism is expressed in two ways – Rule Utilitarianism. and Act Utilitarianism. Justification of a ‘better societal good’ is the footing of moral logical thinking. and single instances of penalty are justified if they are i n agreement with the regulations of the justified penalty system. The general regulation of utilitarianism: Maximize societal benefit ( maximise the benefit. minimise the harms. ) Rule Utilitarianism. harmonizing to Mill. depends upon a peculiar regulation that can be appealed to that will convey about the greatest societal benefit. In decease punishment instances. regulation useful can claim that this signifier of penalty is a hindrance for future offenses and so is responsible to society more than the single being punished. Act utilitarianism attacks offense with respects to the act – whatever the offense. it must be judged in-itself and independently of cosmopolitan regulations. In this position. it can be justified to slay a condemnable if the act itself is deemed condemnable. inhumane. or if the condemnable poses a menace to the societal good. Richard Brandt is a regulation useful. The kernel of regulation utilitarianism. in Brandt’s words. is this: Our actions should be guided by a set of prescriptions the painstaking followers of which by all would hold maximal net expectable public-service corporation. Rule utilitarianism does non continue on a individual footing. It asks: what regulations of penalty would bring forth the most good? Is it truly likely that a regulation or pattern that allow ed us sometimes to penalize people we knew to be guiltless would advance public-service corporation? Brandt doubts this ; nevertheless. he has no statement for explicating how this might be prevented. Bedau’s statements against the decease punishment are extended. He claims that capital penalty is barbarous and unusual because it fails to esteem human life. in much the same manner that slaying does. In footings of justness. capital penalty. because of its irrevocability. denies due procedure of jurisprudence. As such it is ever possible that guiltless people are put to decease. The premiss that the decease punishment is a hindrance to offense is countered by Bedau. who asserts it does non discourage offense ( so. violent offenses are on the rise in North America ) . The decease punishment is. harmonizing to Bedau. uncivilized in theory and unjust and unjust in pattern. While it can be argued that Kant’s moral doctrine upholds the decease punishment. it is an inherently contradictory place. since capital penalty violates two basic rules of Kantian ethical motives. Utilitarianism. regulation. and act. is concerned with the greater societal good. This can bring forth a myopic justness system that can neglect to see the contexts of an individual’s offense since it is most concerned with the larger result of moral judgements. Bedau. who entreaties to the Kantian rule sing the built-in value of human existences. expresses the most convincing positions on capital penalty. Criminals might non move with moral duty ; nevertheless. the province is responsible for patterning moral judgements and behaviour. and can non back retaliatory justness with any grade of rational legitimacy. seventeenth century English philosopher John Locke’s defence of the decease punishment was on moral evidences. He felt that although the right to life is built-in and absolute. that it is possible to give up one’s right in perpetrating a offense that â€Å"deserves death† . His statement is frequently the footing for many of today’s statements for the decease punishment. His thoughts were that the decease punishment is a proper hindrance. that felons would be â€Å"terrified† and therefore would non perpetrate offenses that would ensue in the decease punishment. The one thing lost on many that subscribe to this thought. is that the agencies of decease have become much more â€Å"humane† in the over 3 centuries since his thought was expre ssed. What kind of fright is felt by a possible liquidator who is likely to be put down the same manner a ill pet would be? Many find seting their pet â€Å"to sleep† to be a positive and healthy experience. why would a condemnable fright a comparatively painless deadly injection over passing the remainder of their life in prison? The moral solidarity statement states that if society is held together by a consensus of what is considered immoral behaviour. that those who violate the moral order should be punished to reconstruct the moral balance. Murderers should be put to decease. if non merely to warrant the strong sense of indignation felt by the community. However. this entreaties more to the rabble outlook. which an oculus for an oculus is merely and the most effectual signifier of requital. An oculus for an oculus says that the penalty fits the offense. and that killing a slayer is merely. Why does this merely apply merely to liquidators? Why doesn’t society feel that rapers should be punished by colza. or a mugger should be mugged? Is it a general. subconscious feeling of bloodlust among those who are advocates of decease? If we are as a society seeking to discourage slaying. and give an illustration to future coevalss that killing is incorrect. we must halt stooping to the degree of the slayer an d make more decease in this universe. There is no ego defence in doing another individual to decease. I do non believe it can be morally justified to take someone’s life as a consequence of their strong belief of slaying. While the general consensus of advocates of the decease punishment seem to be that they feel it is for the â€Å"good of society† . it should be noted that over clip. things we felt were for the â€Å"good of society† have in hindsight. been anything but that. The simple fact that one of the chief statements put forth by Locke was formulated centuries ago. this shows that while thoughts can sometimes exceed coevalss. that it is unfastened to more reading than a theory put away in this twenty-four hours and age. I don’t believe decease can of all time be proven morally acceptable when using a punishment to one individual for taking one life. Merely those who genuinely are out to harm the â€Å"good of society† . be it through war. terrorist act or possible race murder. can be justifiably killed to protect society at big. A captive b ehind bars in a contemporary prison is about every bit unsafe to you and me as 1 that has been executed and is six pess under. As for the decease punishment. an oculus for an oculus in kernel punishes no 1. and does non revenge the decease of the victim. merely rushing up the inevitableness of the prisoner’s decease. Punishment in which one spends the remainder of their lives with all their rights taken off is a sadder destiny for the liquidator than being taken from this Earth. I think Italian philosopher Cesare. Marquise of Beccaria said it best when he stated: â€Å"The decease of a felon is a awful but fleeting spectacle. and hence a less efficacious method of discouraging others than the continued illustration of a adult male deprived of his autonomy. condemned. as a animal of load. to mend. by his labor. the hurt he has done to society. If I commit such a offense. says the witness to himself. I shall be reduced to that suffering status for the remainder of my life. A much more powerful preventative than the fright of decease which work forces ever behold in distant obscureness. † While people may besides reason that by put to deathing felons. you are discouraging one from taking another innocent’s life. There has been small to demo that provinces with the decease punishment ar e any better than provinces without it at forestalling slaying from happening. One thing that is for certain. is offenses and slaying will ever happen. guiltless lives will ever be affected and be lost. The decease punishment does non merely neglect to forestall guiltless life from being killed. but increases the opportunity of a wrongly convicted single losing their ain. If there is no worse offense than an guiltless individual losing their life in cold blood. therefore asking the decease punishment. isn’t it morally condemnable that one who is wholly guiltless in God’s eyes can be put to decease? If the decease punishment is moral. how can it be moral if inexperienced persons are sometimes executed? One chief unsound statement people will set Forth is that they believe that since the Bible says slaying is punishable by decease. that is why it is right and moral. However. harmonizing to the bible. the other undermentioned Acts of the Apostless are punishable by decease: Exodus 21:15 â€Å"Anyone who attacks his male parent or his female parent must be put to decease. † Exodus 21:16 â€Å"Anyone who kidnaps another and either sells him or still has him when he is caught must be put to decease. † Exodus 21:17: â€Å"Anyone who curses his male parent or female parent must be put to decease. † How is it that people can pick and take what words of God they wish to follow? Don’t we as a society believe that the events. punishable by decease in the Bible. while incorrect. are non worthy of the decease punishment? Then why is it people continue to cite the â€Å"eye for an eye† of the Bible. but disregard whatever else they choose to? Shouldn’t this be cause for some to rethink the stance put away in the Bible as being out of day of the month? Sing no maximal security prisons existed that could protect society from unsafe felons. wouldn’t people try to understand the context of the usage of the decease punishment 2000 old ages ago? The quest for retaliation can go a barbarous rhythm. Those turning up with the mentality that we must ever. no affair the cost. seek retaliation against those who cause us injury. This type of mentality basically teaches people that retaliation is alright. if you determine what they have done is crying plenty to justify said retaliation. and any response. no affair how inhuman. is justified. The ter minal can warrant the agencies. Turning up as a immature male child. I. like most kids. attended church. played with friends. and I found my portion of problem. In church I learned an oculus for an oculus. at place. I learned that two wrongs didn’t make a right. and like most kids. was confused by the contradiction these opposite positions created. Why is it that if I get knocked down into the soil. it doesn’t do it right to return the onslaught in sort? Why is it that if one takes a life. taking the killer’s life makes it alright? Why as a society do we learn our kids that it’s merely right to forgive and turn the other cheek when our piques are flared to the point that we seek the blood of the convicted and condemned? Often times. it is brought up that reprobating the liquidator to decease gives closing to the households. I have been asked before. since I have presented an anti-death punishment stance. what would I make if my ain female parent or girlfriend was murdered? I would no doubt experience intense heartache. I would no doubt experience a enormous sum of choler towards the slayer. I would without any uncertainty want to bring down injury on the 1 who caused such great hurting to me. The job is I â€Å"can’t see the forest for the trees† sing my mental engagement. That is why we as a society dole out justness as guiltless 3rd parties. That is why our society as a whole determines what is morally right. and attempts to hold a sympathetic but just oculus when convicting and condemning liquidators. In summing up. my personal position on the decease punishment is non borne of compassion. it is non because I feel that the ways the condemned are put to decease are inhumane. or that it is barbarian. It merely doesn’t make sense to me. I read the statements for. and it ever seems to me like hold oning at straws. Until it is proven to me that there is a cosmopolitan stance by those who keep the decease punishment on the books in the United States of America. and that concluding isn’t archaic and contradictory. my position will be there is no good ground that decease is proper penalty. Mentions Donald C. Abel. . Fifty Readings in Philosophy. 2nd. McGraw-Hill HumanitiesSocial SciencesLanguages. 2003. Ernest Van Den Haag. The Death Punishment: A Argument. ( 1983 )Hugo Adam Bedau. The Death Penalty in America. 3rd Edition. ( Oxford. United kingdom: Oxford University Press. 1982 ) Immanuel Kant. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ( Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy ) . Mary Gregor ( Ed ) . ( Cambridge. United kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1997 ) John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism and Other Essays. Alan Ryan ( Ed. ) . ( New York: Viking Press. 1987 ) Mark Costanzo. â€Å"Capital Punishment Is Not Morally Justified. † Capital Punishment ( San Diego: Greenhaven Press. 2000 ) Richard Brandt. â€Å"The Utilitarian Theory of Criminal Punishment. † Ethical Theory ( New York: Prentice-Hall. 1959 ) The Holy Bible. Revised Standard Version. ( Philadelphia: Westminster. 1952. )

This Is A Paper Over King James I Of England That I Wrote For My Honor

This is a paper over King James I of England that I wrote for my honors english class. I received an A on the the assignment. King James I On June 19, 1566 in Theobalds, Hertfordshire, England, Mary Queen of Scots gave birth to her only child, a boy whom she named James. James' father was Henry Stewart, also known as Lord Darnley. Darnley was killed in an unexplained explosion at his house when James was eight months old. Only seven months later, Mary Queen of Scots had to give up her throne because she was defeated by rebels. Mary left the country and James never saw her again. James took the throne of Scotland when he was only 15 months old and became King James VI of Scotland ("James I" 481). James got most of his culture and education before he was 14 years old. During his early life, the boy king spent most of his time with Scottish lords and his tutors, especially George Buchanan, his favorite tutor ("James I, King of England" 1). He received a superior education and w as known for his great knowledge. He always had a great respect for the Scottish lords that were around him as he grew up ("James I" 481). James enjoyed writing. He wrote and published many poems and translated many long French works. Later in life he also wrote many books on topics such as kingship, theology, withcraft, and tobacco. He also ordered the translation of acient Greek and Hebrew versions of the Bible into English in the Authorized King James Version of the Bible ("James I, King of England" 1). 2 He also enjoyed riding horses and hunting. This may be due to the fact that he was very frail and sometimes needed help walking. When he was on a horse, he was able to function normally. Despite his physical hinderances, King James was regarded as being very confident in his decisions. At the age of 15, James ordered the execution of a man suspected to have been involved with the death of Henry Stewart, James' father ("J ames I" 481). James wanted to follow Queen Elizabeth I of England to the throne so badly that he would have done anything to keep peaceful relations with her. When his mother was beheaded in 1587, he merely made a formal protest and let the incident blow over ("James I, King of England"1). In 1589, James was married with Anne of Denmark, the daughter of Fredrick II of Denmark. They had there first child, Prince Henry, in 1594 ("James I" 481). Prince Henry was an ideal prince and won the love of the people. Following Henry were Princess Elizabeth and Prince Charles. Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth were both very beautiful children, but Prince Charles was a different story. Charles, like his parents, was a sickly child and had to have help walking when he was young (Chute 260). Apparently James was not very fond of women and never had a mistress ("James I" 481). The only time he ever paid a great deal of attention to his wife was when she converted to Roman Catholicism ("J ames I, King of England" 1). King James was a very giving man. He liked to gain support from people by buying them gifts. In 1605, he spent 2530 pounds at two jewellers (Levi 4). Although he spent a lot of money, he was not very good at budgeting it ("James I" 481). In 1603, King James VI got his wish. As Stanford E. Lehmberg states in the Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, "Since Elizabeth had no children and there were no other descendants Guy 3 of Henry VIII, the Tudor line was extinguished upon her death. Throughout her reign Elizabeth refused to designate a successor, but it is clear that she expected King James VI of Scotland to follow her. When Elizabeth died on Mar. 24, 1603, James, the son of Mary Queen of Scots, but a Protestant, succeeded without incident as King James I of England" (1). King James I was also the first Stuart king of England. Many people came to see the new king's coronation in London. The town was bus tling with people and

Strength training program for a healthy body Essay Example

Strength training program for a healthy body Essay Example Strength training program for a healthy body Essay Strength training program for a healthy body Essay Resistance-exercise training improves physical function and health outcomes by increasing muscle mass and muscle strength. Depending on the program, strength trainings produced greater improvement in muscular strength, body mass, lean body mass, and percentage body fat. The main objective is to lose body fat without losing muscle mass. The key to successful body conditioning is a well-designed strength training program that helps promote balance development of the major muscles using proper exercise form and correct exercises techniques. It is best to test and determine first how your body reacts to any application of external force to allow measurement of flexibility and strength in order to reveal any hidden dysfunction on current state and in the process know what is needed to improve function.Whole body training refers to single workouts done in every muscle group which are the chest, shoulders, back, quadriceps, hamstrings, biceps, triceps, forearms, trapezius, calves, and abdom inals. Results are favorable and effective when you train each muscle every other day to allow better stimulation of the majority of the muscle fibers within each muscle group at the same time stimulating large portion of the body’s muscle mass. Since most problems are with the abs, let’s limit my talk on ways as to how you should flatten abs at home first for beginners. Perform these exercises with maximum of 30 seconds rest only. Then as you progress you may add other programs.Steam engine abs workout. Stand with your hands behind your head. Touch your left elbow to your right knee by bending and raising the knee at the same time crunching your left armpit toward your right hip. Return to the starting position and repeat to the opposite side, crunching your right armpit toward your hip. Beginners may do at least 16-20 repetitions of this exercise (Zinczenko Spiker 2006).Bicycle exercise for abs. Lie face up on the floor. Put your fingers behind your head. Bring the knees in towards the chest while you lift the shoulder blades off the ground. Do this without pulling on the neck. Lift your left leg straight out to a 45 degree angle simultaneously turning the upper body to the right. This brings the left elbow towards the right knee. Then switch sides now bringing the right elbow towards the knee. Continue alternating sides in a pedaling motion for 12-16 reps (Waehner n.p.).Vertical leg crunch. Lie face up on the floor with legs extending straight up. Keep your knees crossed throughout the session. Lift the shoulder blades off the floor as if reaching your chest towards your feet. This will contract your abs when you keep your legs in a fixed position for a matter of seconds. Lower and then repeat for 12-16 reps.Full reverse crunch. Lie on your back. Then extend your legs straight towards the ceiling.   Put your hands behind your head. Lift your shoulder blades off the floor at the same time pressing the heels towards the ceiling. The abs will contract when you make a u-shape towards the torso. Lower down then repeat for 12-16 reps.Long arm crunch. Lie on the mat with arms greatly extended straight out behind the head. Do this with your hands clasped and arms kept next to the ears. Then lift the shoulder blades off the floor. This will cause the abs to contract. Lower and repeat for 12-16 reps.Ab rocker. Sit on the ab rocker. Grab the bars in each hand. Rock forward trying to originate movement from the abs. When you rock in this manner it contracts the abs. Release and repeat for 1-3 sets at 12-16 reps.Elbow to knee crunch. Lie on your back. Keep your left foot flat on the floor. Put your right foot crossed over your left knee. Always keep your arms folded over your chest. Then twist your upper body towards your right side. Touch your left elbow to your right thigh. In doing this make sure you twist your whole torso toward your knee. Lower yourself then repeat switching legs. Do 12-16 reps (Kita 2005).Being busy is no ex cuse for forgetting about staying healthy, getting fit and having a sculptured body. You may begin to do this exercises at home first just to let your abs contract and let your body get to the feel of the work out before you go the gym and perform your strength training programs. So try to work it out in the morning or in your evenings and see the effect in weeks.

Learn How to Conjugate the French Abolir (to Abolish)

Learn How to Conjugate the French Abolir (to Abolish) The French verb for to abolish is  abolir. It is one of the easiest to conjugate because it is a regular verb and follows a distinct pattern.   Conjugating the French  Abolir In French, verbs need to be conjugated to match the tense and the subject of the sentence. We do the same in English by adding -s or -ed to verbs, its just a little more complex in French. However, the good news here is that  abolir  is a  regular -ir verb. That means that it follows the conjugation pattern of similar verbs that end with -ir  and once you learn one, the rest are relatively easy. To conjugate  abolir, match the subject pronoun the I, you, we, etc. or, in French,  j, tu, nous   with the tense. The present, future, and imperfect past tenses are listed in this chart. For instance, to say I abolish, you would say jabolis. To say we will abolish, it is nous abolirons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j abolis abolirai abolissais tu abolis aboliras abolissais il abolit abolira abolissait nous abolissons abolirons abolissions vous abolissez abolirez abolissiez ils abolissent aboliront abolissaient The Present Participle of  Abolir The present participle of  abolir  is  abolissant. The  -ant  ending is equivalent to the English  -ing  and, therefore, refers to abolishing. When constructing sentences, you can use this as an adjective, gerund, noun, or verb. The Passà © Composà ©Ã‚  Form of  Abolir The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is used often in French to express the past tense, in this case abolished. Its very easy to conjugate, you simply need a couple of things. First of all, the  auxiliary (or helping) verb  that is used with abolir  is  avoir. This will need to be conjugated to fit the subject and tense. Then, ​you need the  past participle  of abolir  and that is aboli. With that information, you can easily say I abolished, in French: jai aboli. More Conjugations for Abolir Those are the basic conjugations for  abolir, but there are more. You may not use all of these though its good to be aware of them in case you do. The subjunctive is used when the verb is uncertain and the conditional when its dependent upon something. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily used in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j abolisse abolirais abolis abolisse tu abolisses abolirais abolis abolisses il abolisse abolirait abolit abolt nous abolissions abolirions abolmes abolissions vous abolissiez aboliriez aboltes abolissiez ils abolissent aboliraient abolirent abolissent You may also use the imperative with  abolir. This verb form is used in short, direct sentences that are more of a command or request. To use the imperative, you do not have to include the subject pronoun as it is implied in the verb. For instance, rather than tu abolis, you can simply say abolis. Imperative (tu) abolis (nous) abolissons (vous) abolissez

Interview a nurse researcher Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interview a nurse researcher - Assignment Example Nurse X also stated as a clinical researcher, they always assure that confidentiality is upheld at all times and that they often participated in clinical trials. In a clinical trial or project, the clinical research nurse’s roles are to act as patient advocates and to ensure that the complex needs of patients participating in the research study are met. In addition, Nurse X also stated that their actions are geared towards efficient care following the federal and research regulations. Nurse X both use library and computer resources in every research endeavor. Computers are frequently used because of ease of access and various data bases. Measurements utilized are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels of measurement while the statistics used range from frequency distribution, percentage distribution, analysis of variance, chi-square and others. Nurse X humbly told the author that as a novice, she had to undergo a lot of trainings and professional developments in order to become an expert in the field of clinical research. Aside from the minimal qualifications of registered nurse preparations, basic life support certification, and recent acute care experiences, Nurse X underwent trainings related to the enhancement of core competencies in terms of research process, evidence-based nursing, Institutional Regulatory Board policies, interpersonal and communication skills, as well as computer skills and electronic health record. Nurse X stated that students could learn how to be a competent researcher by using keying strategies in literature searching and by conducting a search of the basic steps in research prior to the study because Nurse X believe the a strong foundation in research would guide the student in effective and competent research. In the last part of the interview, the author asked the nurse of what were the difficulties she encountered during clinical research and how did the nurse manage the difficulties using

United Kingdoms Social Policy with Reference to Child Poverty under Term Paper

United Kingdoms Social Policy with Reference to Child Poverty under the New Labour Government - Term Paper Example One of the roles of the government is the formation of a legal framework and approach towards various activities that affect the living conditions of its citizens. The formation and application of these legal frameworks present various challenges while at the same time managing to improve the affected person’s standard of living. The concept under which a government seeks to improve the welfare of its citizens by the formation and implementation of various legislations and guidelines is referred to as a social policy. To illustrate the concept in detail, this essay will focus on the United Kingdoms’ social policy with reference to child poverty under the New Labour government. The gaps existing in policy development will also be given. The evaluation will be guided by information sourced from various written policy documents and statements from key politicians regarding child poverty (Davies 2008). Child poverty can be defined as a situation where a household lacks adequate resources to live above a generally agreed lifestyle. The British government approached child poverty from four aspects which are enshrined under the 2010 Child Poverty Act (Preston 2008). Under the Act, child poverty is defined from four perspectives, namely: relative low-income poverty, absolute low-income poverty, persistent low-income poverty and finally material deprivation. Under the relative low-income poverty, a child is deemed poor if their family’s income is below 60% of the median income. Absolute low-income poverty arises where a child’s family constantly holds an income of less than 60% of the median income for one fiscal year. The Act identifies persistent low-income poverty as one where a child’s household lives on an income of less than 60% of the median household income for a period exceeding 3 years.  

Analysis of Hp Financial Statement Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Hp Financial Statement Essay Kenneth Lay formed Enron in 1985, when InterNorth acquired Houston Natural Gas. It was once the seventh largest company the United States of America. Enron branched into many non-energy-related fields over the next several years, including such areas as Internet bandwidth, risk management, and weather derivatives (a type of weather insurance for seasonal businesses). Although their core business remained in the transmission and distribution of power, their phenomenal growth was occurring through their other interests. Fortune Magazine selected Enron as Americas most innovative company for six straight years from 1996 to 2001. Then came the investigations into their complex network of offshore partnerships and accounting practices. The Enron scandal was revealed in October 2001 that eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time, Enron was attributed as the biggest audit failure. Several years after it inception when, in 1992, Jeffrey Skilling was hired as the President of the company, he developed a staff of executives that, by the use of accounting loopholes, special purpose entities, and poor financial reporting, were able to hide billions of dollars in debt from failed deals and projects. Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow and other executives not only misled Enrons board of directors and audit committee on high-risk accounting practices, but also pressured Andersen to ignore the issues. From the early 1990s until 1998, the stock prices of Enron rose by 311%, only slightly higher than the rate of growth in the Standard Poor’s 500. But, after which the stocks shot up. They increased by 56% in 1999 and another 87% in 2000, compared to a 20 percent increase and a 10 percent decline for the index during the same years. As on December 31, 2000, Enron’s stock was priced at $83.13, with market capitalization exceeded $60 billion, that was 70 times earnings and six times book value, an indication of the stock market’s high expectations about its future prospects. Enron was rated the most innovative large company in America in Fortune magazine’s survey of Most Admired Companies. Despite of which within a year, Enron’s image was in tatters and its stock price had tanked nearly to zero. The Enron Scandal was a legend of document shredding, restatements of earnings, regulatory investigations, an unsuccessful merger and Enron filling for bankruptcy. Notwithstanding an elaborate corporate governance network, Enron was able to magnetize large sums of capital to source a moot business model, masking its actual performance through a series of accounting and financing ploys, and increasing its stock prices to unmaintainable levels. Shareholders lost nearly $11 billion when Enrons stock price plummeted to less than $1 per share, by the end of November 2001, from a high of US$90 per share during mid-2000. As the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initiated an investigation, rival Houston competitor Dynegy bid to purchase the company at a very low price. The deal failed, and on December 2, 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy, with $63.4 billion in assets made it the largest corporate bankruptcy in U.S. history. How it happened? Enron had a rather complicated business model, stretching across many products, incorporating physical assets and trading operations, and crossing national borders. This element stretched the limits of accounting. Enron took full advantage of accounting limitations in managing its earnings and balance sheet to portray a rosy picture of its performance. The trading business of Enron involved complex long-term contracts. The accounting rules then, used the present value framework to record these transactions, requiring management to make forecasts of future earnings. This approach, known as mark-to-market accounting, was significant to Enron’s income recognition and resulted in its management making forecasts of energy prices and interest rates well into the future. Enron relied expansively on structured finance transactions that involved setting up special purpose entities. These transactions shared ownership of specific cash flows and risks with outside investors and lenders. Traditional accounting that focuses on arms-length transactions between independent entities faces challenges in dealing with such transactions. Unconscious resolutions were used to record these transactions, creating a discrepancy between economic realities and accounting numbers. (Healy Palepu, 2003) Financial Reporting Issues Trading Business and Mark to Marketing Definitions: * A measure of the fair value of accounts that can change over time, such as assets and liabilities. Mark to market aims to provide a realistic appraisal of an institutions or companys current financial situation. (Investopedia) * The accounting act of recording the price or value of a security, portfolio or account to reflect its current market value rather than its book value. (Investopedia) In Enron’s original natural gas business, the accounting had been fairly straightforward: in each time period, the company listed actual costs of supplying the gas and actual revenues received from selling it. However, Enron’s trading business adopted mark-to-market accounting, which meant that once a long-term contract was signed, the present value of the stream of future in flows under the contract was recognized as revenues and the present value of the expected costs of fulfilling the contract were expensed. Unrealized gains and losses in the market value of long-term contracts (that were not hedged) were then required to be reported later as part of annual earnings when they occurred. Enron’s primary challenge in using mark-to-market accounting was estimating the market value of the contracts, which in some cases ran as long as 20 years. Income was estimated as the present value of net future cash flows, even though in some cases there were serious questions about the viability of these contracts and their associated costs. â€Å"Mark to market† was a plan that Jeffrey Skilling and Andrew Fastow proposed to pump the stock price, cover the loss and attract more investment. But it is impossible to gain in a long-term operation in this way, and so it is clearly immoral and illegal. However, it was reported that the then US Security and Exchange Commission allowed them to use â€Å"mark to market† accounting method. The ignorance of the drawbacks of this accounting method by SEC also caused the final scandal. Thus, an accounting system, which can disclose more financial information, should be created as soon as possible. Reporting Issues for Special Purpose Entities The accounting rule, then, allowed a company to exclude a special purpose entity (SPE) from its own financial statements if an independent party has control of the SPE, and if this independent party owns at least 3% of the SPE. Enron need to find a way to hide the debt since high debt levels would lower the investment grade and trigger banks to recall money. Using the Enron’s stock as collateral, the SPE, which was headed by the CFO, Fastow, borrowed large sums of money. And this money was used to balance Enron’s overvalued contracts. Thus, the SPE enable the Enron to convert loans and assets burdened with debt obligations into income. In addition, the taking over by the SPE made Enron transferred more stock to SPE. However, the debt and assets purchased by the SPE, which was actually burdened with large amount of debts, were not reported on Enron’s financial report. The shareholders were then misled that debt was not increasing and the revenue was even increasing. (Li, 2010) Enron had used hundreds of special purpose entities by 2001. Many of these were used to fund the purchase of forward contracts with gas producers to supply gas to utilities under long-term fixed contracts. Other Accounting Problems Enron’s accounting problems in late 2001 were compounded by its recognition that several new businesses were not performing as well as expected. In October 2001, the company announced a series of asset write-downs, including after tax charges of $287 million for Azurix, the water business acquired in 1998, $180 million for broadband investments and $544 million for other investments. Enron’s gas trading idea was probably a reasonable response to the opportunities arising out of deregulation. Conversely, extensions of this idea into other markets and international expansion were unsuccessful. Accounting games allowed the company to hide this reality for several years. The capital markets largely ignored red flags associated with Enron’s spectacular reported performance and aided the company’s pursuit of a flawed expansion strategy by providing capital at a remarkably low cost. Investors seemed willing to assume that Enron’s reported growth and profitability would be sustained far into future, despite little economic basis for such a projection. Governance and Intermediation Failures at Enron Most of the blame for failing to recognize Enron’s problems has been assigned to the firm’s auditors, Arthur Andersen, and to the analysts who work for brokerage, investment banking and research firms, and sell or make their research available to retail and professional investors. Role of Top Management Compensation As in most other U.S. companies, Enron’s management was heavily compensated using stock options. Heavy use of stock option awards linked to short-term stock price may explain the focus of Enron’s management on creating expectations of rapid growth and its efforts to puff up reported earnings to meet Wall Street’s expectations. Role of Audit Committees Corporate audit committees usually meet just a few times during the year, and their members typically have only a modest background in accounting and finance. As outside directors, they rely extensively on information from management as well as internal and external auditors. If management is fraudulent or the auditors fail, the audit committee probably won’t be able to detect the problem fast enough. Enron’s audit committee had more expertise than many. But Enron’s audit committee seemed to share the common pattern of a few short meetings that covered huge amounts of ground. Enron’s Audit Committee was in no position to second-guess the auditors on technical accounting questions related to the special purpose entities. Nor was it in a position to second-guess the validity of top management representations. However, the Audit Committee did not challenge several important transactions that were primarily motivated by accounting goals, was not skeptical about potential conflicts in related party transactions and did not require full disclosure of these transactions. (Healy Palepu, 2003) Role of External Auditors Enron’s auditor, Arthur Andersen, had been accused of applying lax standards in their audits because of a conflict of interest over the significant consulting fees generated by Enron. In 2000, Arthur Andersen earned $25 million in audit fees and $27 million in consulting fees. It is difficult to determine whether Andersen’s audit problems at Enron arose from the financial incentives to retain the company as a consulting client, as an audit client or both. However, the size of the audit fee alone is likely to have had an important impact on local partners in their negotiations with Enron’s management. Enron’s audit fees accounted for roughly 27% of the audit fees of public clients for Arthur Andersen’s Houston office. When the credit risks at the special purpose entities became clear, the auditors apparently succumbed to pressure from Enron’s management and permitted the company to defer recognizing the charges. Two major changes in the 1970s in the legal system, created substantial pressure for audit firms to cut costs and seek alternative revenue sources. In response to the changes, the audit firms lobbied for mechanical accounting and auditing standards and developed standard operating procedures to reduce the variability in audits. This approach reduced the cost of audits and provided a defense in the case of litigation. But it also meant that auditors were more likely to view their job narrowly, rather than as matters of broader business judgment. Furthermore, while mechanical standards make auditing easier, they do not necessarily increase corporate transparency. Role of Fund Managers Investment fund managers failed to recognize or act on Enron’s risks because they had only modest incentives to demand and act on high-quality, long-term company analysis. These managers are typically rewarded on the basis of their relative performance. Flows into and out of a fund each quarter are driven by its performance relative to comparable funds or indices. If the manager reduces the fund’s holdings of Enron and the stock falls in the next quarter, the fund will show superior relative portfolio performance and will attract new capital. However, if Enron continues to perform well in the next few quarters, the fund manager will underperform the benchmark and capital will flow to other funds. In contrast, a risk-averse manager who simply follows the crowd will not be rewarded for foreseeing the problems at Enron, but neither will this manager be blamed for a poor investment decision when the stock ultimately crashes, since other funds made the same mistake. Role of Accounting Regulations Many U.S. accounting standards tend to be mechanical and in flexible. Clear-cut rules have some advantages, but the downside is that this approach motivates financial engineering designed specifically to circumvent these knife-edge rules, as is well understood in the tax literature. In accounting for some of its special purpose entities, Enron was able to design transactions that satisfied the letter of the law, but violated its intent such that the company’s balance sheet did not reflect its financial risks. The Sarbanes Oxley Act In 2002, President Bush passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act into law to re-establish investor confidence in the integrity of corporate disclosures and financial reporting. The act was brought in as a result of the large number of corporate financial fraud cases (such as those of Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, AOL, and others) and by the end of the boom years for the stock market. The Act requires all public companies to submit both quarterly and annual assessments of the effectiveness of their internal financial auditing controls to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Each companys external auditors must also audit and report on the internal control reports of management and any other areas that may affect internal controls. The companys principal executive officer and principal financial officer must personally certify that the financial reports are true and that everything has been disclosed. Many of the Acts provisions apply to all companies, United States and foreign. However, some provisions apply only to companies that have equity securities listed on an exchange or NASDAQ. While refocusing public company management on shareholder interests was the central purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley corporate governance reform law, years later there are sharp disagreements on both sides as to whether the effort has been a success. Did it help? Considering foreign firms that listed on either New York or London exchanges in addition to their home markets between 1990 and 2006, the researchers found that those firms were six percent less likely to choose New York over London after Sarbanes-Oxley was implemented. This suggests that foreign executives, accustomed to laxer regulatory environments at home, were convinced that the act’s deterrents against self-dealing and fraudulent accounting were serious. Those who criticize the Act claim that the Act is unnecessary and too expensive to implement. The most ardent criticizers of the bill claim that not only has Sarbanes – Oxley failed in its mission to ensure honest financial recordkeeping and disclosure but that it has also stifled new business development in the United States. Some criticizers point to the Madoff scandal as an example of the failure of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act. Yet, not all analysts share in this type of criticism. Many analysts believe that more precise financial statements are now being prepared for public companies and that shareholders have greater confidence in their investments as a result of Sarbanes – Oxley. In order for these benefits to be realized, however, the S.E.C. must ensure that all of the requirements of the Act are carefully and universally followed and that exceptions, such as those for certain accounting firms, are not permitted. Bibliography * Wikipedia. (2012, December 18). Enron Scandal. Retrieved December 26, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal * Obringer, L. A. (n.d.). How cooking the books works? Retrieved December 26, 2012, from How Stuff Works?: http://money.howstuffworks.com/cooking-books7.htm * Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G. (2003). The Fall Of Enron. Journal Of Economic Persepectives , 9. * Investopedia. (n.d.). Mark to Market MTM. Retrieved December 26, 2012, from Investopedia: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marktomarket.asp#axzz2G9qt6COE * Li, Y. (2010). The Case Analysis of the Scandal of Enron. International Journal of Business and Management , 37-41.

Explain Essay example -- Drama

Explain Explain the importance of the Magic If and Given Circumstances to Stanislavski’s psycho technique. Refer to any practical examples that will help explain this. MR GROGAN H/W In this essay I will be explaining the work we have been doing recently during this term and the relevance to our study of Stanislavski’s psycho technique. I will be outlining how his ideas of the ‘Magic If’ and ‘Given Circumstances’ contribute to the importance of this technique. Stanislavski had several ideas about how to achieve a sense of inner and outer truth in terms of his character, one being the magic if. If is a word which can transform our thoughts; through it we can imagine ourselves in virtually any situation. "If I suddenly became wealthy..." "If I were vacationing on the Caribbean Island..." "If I had great talent..." "If that person who insulted me comes near me again..." The word ‘if’ becomes a powerful lever for the mind; it has the ability to lift us out of ourselves a give us a sense of absolute certainty about imaginary circumstances. The answer to these simple questions can be a springboard to creativity and inspiration, because it allows the actor to realize the fact that, he is living out a fictional life, a figment of the writers imagination, with sets and props that are not real life homes and settings. When we first look at the ‘Magic If’, Stanislavski makes us aware that a performing actor must logically justify his actions in consistency with real life. Therefore he must act under his passions in character and not play with them, acting internally and externally with complete rationalization. By using the "Magic If" the actor is granting himself permission to "believe" in these imaginary objects, it allows the actor to transfer himself from the world of reality to the world in which dreative work can me done. Based on the idea of ‘The Magic If’ we used this idea to draw from our own experiences and imagination to get into character for a recent speech, that each of us had been given to learn. To get into my character, Puck from ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’, I used the idea of the ‘Magic If’ to arouse my imagination, consequently entering the soul of my character, allowing myself o from a creative belief within their mind's eye. Through asking myself questions, presenting myself with possible obstacles and... ... tree, describing in detail exactly what he saw. What was happening? This allowed the actor to awaken the senses, to be made aware of the circumstances he was in, the smell, the sights, the weather, and therefore open up the imagination to set the circumstances and reasons behind why the story is happening for example why they are having a picnic- because it is a hot day etc. The actor can imagine and convey to Stanislavski his account (as an oak tree) uninterrupted series of visual images, maintaining the idea of artistic stage reality though. The ‘given circumstances’ and ‘magic if’ of the psycho-technique inspire actors; they bring out emotions whilst training their artistic sense of belief. Both make them aware and surround them with the world created by the writer or director. It also provides imagination and the ability to explore the world with the ability to understand the reasons for the ‘given circumstances’. The ‘given circumstances’ are the set of boundaries you are given as an actor, the ‘magic if’ helping you develop an understanding for the role you are playing and maintain it, both inspiring the justified imagination and spirit of the character.

Executive Branch Essay

The executive branch is the most powerful branch of government. The executive branch makes the president commander in chief. It also gives the president the role of economic leader. And he/she can also make executive orders that have the force of law. These are just some of the many roles that make the executive branch the most powerful branch of government. When the president has the role of commander in chief he/she is given the power to use force to back up our foreign policy. They are in charge of the army, navy, air force, marines, and the coast guard. The top commanders of all of these branches of service are subordinate to the president. The president is also our economic leader. He/She deals with unemployment, rising prices, high taxes and more. When voted into office the president is expected to care of these issues. One key task the president must accomplish each year is to plan the federal government’s budget too. Last but not least, the president has the role of chief executive. He can make an executive order, which has the force of law. During his presidency, Harry S. Truman had to use an executive order in 1948 to integrate armed forces. The president also has the power to grant pardons. A pardon is a declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment. The president has many roles to help keep our country in order. From commander in chief, economic leader, and chief executive he/she helps everything run as smoothly as possible. The executive branch is by far the most powerful branch of government, because it helps keep our country out of trouble and copasetic.

Cultural Tourism Essay

This book seeks to provide the reader or tourist with insights on how the two worlds, tourism and cultural heritage management intersect, but also how they conflict in that they represent opposite sides of cultural tourism itself. The book outlines for the reader that while tourism professionals evaluate the potential for profit, cultural management professionals evaluate the same assets for their value. Tourism represents the consumption of experiences and products. Cultural tourists want to consume a variety of cultural experiences and assets must be converted into something that tourists can utilize and enjoy, which is important to developing a successful and sustainable management of the cultural tourism product itself. This book attempts to highlight the problems associated with the merging of both as well as offer suggestions or ways that the two can work together effectively and efficiently without causing damage to the asset itself due to environmental factors that tourism brings. Tourism has extensive sociological, economic and political aspects to it everywhere in the world. Greater attention is now being given to tourisms overall social impact, which depending on the circumstances can be positive or negative depending on how tourism is both planned and/or managed. Education and knowledge are tantamount to the approach in attempting to avoid the problems associated with the negative impacts of tourism. A long-term commitment to the planning and management of heritage assets should anticipate the adverse impacts of tourism and develops guidelines that minimize problems that can affect the host communities or can be offensive to the culture. Not all tourists are alike. Some seek very specific indulgences as it is not always about touring the local landmarks, or visiting attractions like theme parks. Some seek, sun, partying, relaxation or a combination of those activities. Depending on what the country or city offers in terms of enjoyment, to encourage tourism they must have the accommodations, amenities, transportation, knowledge based workers and effective cultural management that also preserves the ecological environments because without that, some of the world’s most ancient and precious relics, artwork, artifacts that are at risk and face possible extinction thus, robbing future generations of civilizations treasures. The challenges that tangible materials referred to in the book face should welcome the study by another generation which can offer new ways to present and preserve it without causing further damage. Respect for cultural heritages by tourists, are vitally important to the experience for other generations to come. The book lists five guidelines that the tourism products must provide for it to be successful: 1,A story must be told or associated with that product; 2.It must be able to be brought to life for the visitor; 3.Allow the visitor to participate in some way; 4.Relevant to the tourist; and 5.The product must be of quality and authentic. Overall, the book represents in a comprehensive way that tourism is a double-edged sword. Cultural tourism is the fastest growing segment of the industry and as more travelers can afford to visit global locales and seek to immerse themselves in many different cultures, the more problems it can bring. The tourism industry also attempts to foster increased awareness of other cultural differences by promoting greater understanding and cooperation amongst all cultures. Tourism can also act as a bridge for largely neglected developing countries to generate employment opportunities for the poor, growth and a more viable economy on terms that do not run counter to its long-term interests. The book illustrates the mutual dependence that exists between tourism and cultural heritage that has become more apparent. While cultural heritage creates a foundation for the growth of tourism, tourism itself has the power to generate funds that make the conservation efforts possible. Cultural heritage loses its meaning without an audience and a society participating in and benefitting from it. Ultimately, the success of how well the tourism and cultural heritage management work together is what will bring success to achieve the common goal of fostering better understanding and sustainable growth and the book has attempted to break down some barriers that have previously repressed partnership information. The authors note in the Epilogue that their hope is that by fostering a better understanding of the legitimate interests of cultural heritage management within the tourism industry and of the legitimate interests of tourism within the cultural management sector, more professionals from both sectors will begin to appreciate the benefits of partnership.

Cell Communication essays

Cell Communication essays In the human body there are many parts that work together in order for everything to function properly, but even these parts need to have a way to know what to do. This is where cell communication comes into play. Tiny cells in the body contain astounding networks that allow for this communication. Scientists are discovering why these messages from cell to cell are so efficient, and this could lead to new therapies for diseases. In the past 15 years, scientists have discovered more of the code the cells use for their internal communications. Signal transmission begins when a messenger docks temporarily with a specific receptor on a recipient cell. This receptor is physically connected to the cytoplasm, and because of this is able to relay a message. The receptor is usually a protein that includes three domains: an external docking region for the messenger, a component that spans the cells outer membrane, and a tail that extends into the cytoplasm. When the messenger binds to the external site, it generates a change in the shape of the tail. This eases the tails interactions with the information-relaying molecules in the cytoplasm, which lead to more cellular signaling. Through this knowledge, the question of how messages reached their destinations without being diverted along the way was aroused. Efforts began to identify the first cytoplasmic proteins that are contacted by activated (messenger-bound) receptors in a large and important family: the receptor tyrosine kinases. The receptors transmit the commands of hormones, which control replication, specialization, or metabolism of cells. The binding of hormones to receptor tyrosine kinases at the cell surface causes the individual receptor molecules to cluster into pairs and to attach to phosphates to the tyrosines on each others cytoplasmic tails. The altered receptors interact directly with proteins that contain a module...

Tips on Presenting a Thesis Proposal

Tips on Presenting a Thesis Proposal Tips on Presenting a Thesis Proposal Presenting a thesis proposal can be challenging for anyone. If you have no experience with this sort of writing or doubt your writing skills, it can be much more stressful. Before writing a thesis, outline your plan. Without a proper proposal, you might get stuck. Here are a few suggestions to help with your approach: Introduce your idea The purpose of a thesis proposal is to introduce your idea to the professor. Discuss: Which information and ideas upon which you plan to base your thesis Why this topic is important to you How this effort fits with your academic curriculum, degree, and future pursuits Use the right information A thesis requires a large amount effort, research, and writing. Dedicate yourself to finding credible resources. Reliable information will also support your thesis proposal; you’ll have to take the same approach when creating the actual thesis document. Paint a picture Provide an outline for what you plan to accomplish. You don’t need to know everything right now. In fact, it’s possible new information will come to light that will change or influence what you write. However, it’s essential to have enough knowledge about your topic to draw a few potential conclusions at the beginning. If you’re stymied by the idea of a thesis proposal, there’s help available. and our tutors can help right now, and continue to assist after your proposal is approved and you continue with the academic writing of a thesis.

Disabled People and the Rights to Social Citizenship Essay

Disabled People and the Rights to Social Citizenship - Essay Example The British government has proffered different definitions of a citizen as components of the various solutions proposed in respect of the extant social, economic and political problems and these solutions have affected the rights of individuals (Young, 1985). The Conservative government under John Major introduced a Citizen's Charter in order to subject public services to market forces. Accordingly, citizens obtained the right to choose. This development in conjunction with privatization was considered to be the panacea for the ills of the inefficient public services. Citizenship can be perceived either by the individualist approach in which the nature of citizenship is determined by individual choice or the structuralist approach in which the determining factors are social and economic in nature. Further, "Choice based theories are exemplified in their purest form by economics. In this world, individuals seek to maximize their utility by obtaining the highest return at the minimum cost from any course of action which they undertake" (Pattie, Seyd and Whiteley, 2004, pp 138-139). Consequently, "Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. [and who] are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed" (Marshall, 1950, p. 28). These rights are of three kinds civil, political or social. The Civil rights are, "liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contracts, and the right to justice" (Marshall, 1950, p. 10). Political rights comprise of "the right to participate in the exercise of political power" and social rights are "the whole range from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society" (Marshall, 1950, p. 11). The absence of the disabled person's perspective in discussions involving citizenship is ubiquitous (Meekosha and Dowse, 1997, pp. 49-72). To achieve equality, disabled citizens need to possess freewill and involvement. Societal impediments rather than the disabling impairment, play havoc with the disabled person's endeavour to be full and equal citizen. Hence, civil society has been defined as "an arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests, purposes and values" (Centre for Civil Society, 2004). In order to provide disabled persons with equal access a modicum of restriction has to be enjoined on the freedom of the non-disabled people. The enactment of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) on the 8th of November 1995 was the culmination of a protracted battle to enforce the rights of the disabled. This enactment led to several measures being adopted in order to prevent discrimination against disabled people and to grant them additional rights Vis - a - Vis employment, purchase and lease of real estate and access to goods, facilities and services. The DDA has empowered

N&S Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

N&S Finance - Essay Example Quick ratio Quick ratio, just as current ratio, is a measure of the company’s liquidity level, only that Quick ratio excludes inventory. This ratio is significantly below the current ratio, which could be an indication that the company is maintaining a high level of inventory. In case the company’s inventory is not easily convertible into liquid cash, then its financial position is at crossroads because it may experience difficulties paying its short-term creditors. The management should also consider whether the company is experiencing sales difficulties because that could be the reason why its inventory level is quite high. If this is the case, strategies should be crafted to increase conversion of inventory into cash so the liquidity could get better. Nonetheless, the positive increase from 0.83 to 0.95 is remarkable and if this trend continues, the company will not have liquidity problems. Accounts receivable turnover This ratio also shows the company’s liqui dity level. It is a strong indicator of how the management has efficiently employed the accounts receivable. A ratio of 6.63 in 2009 is remarkably big, meaning that collection of accounts receivable and extension of credit to customers was operated efficiently. Alternatively, this may indicate that the company operated, chiefly, on cash basis. The drastic fall of the ratio in 2010 could send alarm signals to the management that something is wrong especially if this sale is not as a result of a shift from cash sales to credit sales. For instance, this could imply that the debtors are servicing their dues very slowly or even defaulting. Average Collection period Average collection period reflects the period that it takes for the company to receive its accounts receivables. The 53.03 days for 2009 is an ideal period because the company will be assured of conversion of its receivables into cash in less time and use the money to pay its bills. However, 214.38 days for 2010 is very high, and this means that the company may be headed for liquidity problems as a result of customers delaying or defaulting on their dues. This, in turn, will cause cash shortage and hence the company may not be able to meet its administrative and operating expenses. The management should revise its debt collection policies to avoid experiencing liquidity problems. Inventory turnover The inventory turnover for 2009 is 6.5 times, but this reduced to 3.96 times in 2010. This implies that the company’s sales have started moving slowly, which is discouraging because this will most likely affect the profits directly. This, however, could be a sign that the company is increasing its inventory. Decline in inventory turnover will result to cash shortage and hence this trend should be averted. Total asset turnover Total asset turnover indicates how the management has invested the assets to generate revenue. The higher the ratio the better because it shows that the assets are applied more eff iciently. Reduction of this ratio from 0.93 in 2009 to 0.71 in 2010 is a cause for alarm because it indicates that the company’s assets are used less effectively, to generating income. The management should seek ways of boosting sales to ensure this ratio is restored to an optimum level. Debt to total assets Debt to total assets shows the company’s financial leverage, by revealing the proportion of the total assets that are funded by debt. In 2009, 47.14% of the assets were financed by creditors

Why is education important to enlisted service members Essay

Why is education important to enlisted service members - Essay Example A service member’s removal from society during their term of service can be an incredible challenge to them, and free education can help diminish this problem. Like prison inmates, enlisted service people spend a great deal of their time sequestered from â€Å"normal† society – while on deployment they live by different rules and codes than they would back home. This can make re-transitioning into society extremely difficult, but education, which provides both paths to suitable employment on return and can provide perspective for a life in the military can help smooth these transitions between â€Å"normal† and â€Å"military† society. Another important reason to provide a free education to service members is the different skill qualities and career length they get from working in the armed services. The average military career is not a life-long one – most people choose to retire from this grueling career path relatively early in life (compared to other professions) some get out as soon as their first term of service is done, while some make it into their thirties and forties. When they retire, they often have a long and productive life ahead of them – but not necessarily that many skills that can translate directly to a new job placement. Yes, some gain technical skills in communications or maintenance, and of course they learn things like trust, team work and so on from working in the military but this may be of only limited utility. Education, either in the form of courses, certificates or anything else, can help enlisted people get a happy and productive second career in civilian life. Education may not be the silver bullet to all of humanities woes, but it can help smooth transitions between military and civilian life, leading to important long term benefits for the people who serve our country. Providing one hundred percent tuition assistance can help armed services members with their return to civilian and post

Natural Language and Programming Language

Natural Language and Programming Language Programming Language Natural language such as English is the language, which is spoken and written for communication. The natural language consists of syntax, semantics, phonetics, etc. All natural languages have some fundamental rules, which are based on the structure of grammar. These grammatical rules are used by people in communication. Programming languages are used for developing computer programs, which enable a computer to perform some operations. The structure of these languages is based on some syntactic and semantic rules. Context-free, lexical and syntactic grammar may be used in Java programming (Dubey, 2006). The differences in the grammar of high level programming languages (e.g. Java) and natural language (e.g. English) are as follows: Natural languages are used for communication between people and programming languages enable human to interact with machines. Programming languages need a high degree of expertise, completeness and precision because computer can not think outside the statement while in speaking, some minor errors are ignored. The programming language syntax is not based on natural language grammar. Thus, the main difference in the grammar of high level language (Java) and natural language (English) is that natural language may be informal in speaking but not in written communication while the grammar of programming language follows specific syntax. Compiler A compiler is a specific computer program that converts the statements written in any high level (such as C, C++, etc) into the language that computer can understand, i.e. machine level language. The original program, which needs to be converted, is known as the source code and the generated machine language program is known as object code. The reason to convert a high level language program into machine code is to make an executable program. The operations performed by a compiler are: lexical analysis, preprocessing, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation and code optimization. Compilers are classified as native or cross compilers. The output of native compiler runs on the computer and operating system where the compiler is running and the output of cross compiler can be run on different platforms. Cross platform compilers are used for embedded systems (Aho, Sethi Ullman, 1986). The compiler group inputs characters into tokens because the original text can not be used by the data structure and it is very necessary to convert the source code into tokens. It makes the source code understandable for the computer. For example, an expression of ‘C’ language: sum=2+3; would be converted into tokens (such as ‘sum’ into IDENT, ‘=’ into ASSIGN_OP, ‘2’ into NUMBER, ‘+’ into ADD_OP, ‘3’ into NUMBER and ‘;’ into SEMICOLON). The compilation process analyses the syntax of programming language. Syntax analysis is further divided into tokenizing (grouping of input characters into tokens) and parsing (attempting to match the tokens to the syntax rules). In the process of compilation, lexical analyzer reads the source code and groups them into tokens (Ivantsov, 2008). A token is a categorized block of text (lexeme). Each token is a single unit of language, for example symbol name, keyword or an identifier. The lexical analyzer processes these lexemes according to their function by providing them meaning. This process is known as tokenization. After tokenizing, the tokens are sent for some other form of processing. The process may be considered a sub-task of parsing input. Parsing is the process of analyzing token sequence with respect to grammatical structure. Now, the data may be loaded for compilation. Thus, the compiler is a computer program, which converts the source code into machine readable form. This compilation process passes through various steps like lexical analysis, tokens, parser, etc. and makes the code available for the computer. References Aho, A. V., Sethi R. Ullman, J.D. (1986). Compilers: Princiles, Techniques, and Tools. New York: Addison-Wesley Dubey, A. (2006, December). Goodness criteria for programming language grammar rules. ACM SIGPLAN . 41(12), 44-53. Ivantsov, R. (2008, January 3). Irony .NET Compiler Construction Kit. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from http://www.codeproject.com/KB/recipes/Irony.aspx

Pedro Almodovars Talk to Her (Hable con Ella) and Live Flesh (Carne Tr

Pedro Almodovar, in his recent films Talk to Her (Hable con Ella) (2002) and Live Flesh (Carne Trà ©mula) (1997), has brought a thoroughly modern interpretation to the genre of melodrama. These fresh illustrations of human love, loneliness, frustration and individuality explore the complexity of human interaction and interestingly, in Talk to Her, the interactions of the sentient in relation to the insentient. "Nothing is simple," Alicia's ballet teacher muses in Talk to Her, this statement accurately captures the essential Pedro Almodovar style. Both of the works selected for analysis in this essay are melodramas. The word "melodrama" originated from the Greek root which directly translated means "music drama". These films do incorporate music to add to the emotional impact of certain scenes. Examples of this are: (a) in Live Flesh! When Victor is watching TV in prison and sees Elena and David celebrating David's new career, there is a close up of Victors face conveying his hurt accompanied by music in-keeping with Victor's frame of mind. This increases the impact for the viewers as the music is in contrast with Elena and David's joy. (b) in Talk to Her the same tense, measured music is used during several scenes to denote their importance in the narrative (when Benigno is about to speak to Alicia for the first time, at the beginning of Lydia's last fight and when Marco is rushing to the prison in an attempt to stop Benigno from taking drastic measures in prison.) The use of intertextuality in these films is also apparent. The newsreel of the coverage of Victor's birth is significant. Victor's mother appears cold and restrained compared to the intimacy the audience achieves in the scene prior as we hear her cries from her labour pains. In Talk to Her the opening and closing performance art pieces are an outlet for the emotional pain and turmoil which Marco must grapple with. The silent movie too expresses more efficiently what is occurring for Benigno on an emotional level than a depiction of the act of rape could have. Apart from the use of music, colour is integral to Almodovar's melodrama. In Live Flesh! the walls of the apartments where the characters live, as well as the school where Victor and Elena work, are warm and vibrant. The contrast between dark green and deep reds and mustards provide a cosiness that puts... ...an a single life partner. The film Live Flesh! explores the responsibility of sexuality. The film opens with Victor’s birth, the result of his mother’s sexual activity as a prostitute, just after Christmas (an event alleged to celebrate the exact day of Jesus’ birth [not, apparently, the result of sexual activity] and hence the birth of the New Testament and an enormous religious following, the birth of Christ is therefore considered as an overtly positive and important event for Christians to this day). The next important event in the film is Victor’s one night stand with Elena, and the events which follow result in life changing consequences for all involved. Aside from David’s injury (the result of David sleeping with Sancho’s wife), David and Elena fall in love and marry and Victor goes to prison. The sexual relations between Victor and Clara and Victor and Elena subsequent to his release all have major consequences, Elena’s divorce from Davis and the death s of both Clara and Sancho. Sancho points out just prior to his death that he â€Å"should have shot your balls off when I had the chance.† Yes, that would have made life easier and more boring for all characters concerned.

Feasib Rationale of Restaurant Essay

Since the members of our group do like Philippine native foods, we decided to come up with a native restaurant business, the â€Å"Probinsyana†. The purpose of this native restaurant is supports the middle class to low class people. Being able to deliver great customer service, great food, and great atmosphere. A hit that will surely be loved by the masses is what this is all about. Probinsyana cuisines have its influences from different countries. This is due to the fact that traders and colonizers have visited the Philippines for centuries. The American and Spanish colonizers, and the Chinese and other Southeast Asian traders influenced and brought a twist on the Filipino cuisine. Chinese is one of the contributors of the Filipino cuisine. Chinese influences the Filipino on making noodles or what we call pancit. For many years Chinese people interact with the Filipinos and some of them stay and live in the Philippines. They teach their wife on how to cook some Chinese delicacy but using ingredients found in the Philippines. When the Spaniards came to Philippines, they introduced the Spanish culture. The Spanish colonies often influenced the Philippines in many different ways. As much as 80 percent of Filipino food originates from Spain. Tomatoes and garlic, for instance, both staple Filipino foods, were introduced from Spain, as was the cooking method of sautà ©ing using olive oil. For example, Adobo, Adobo means marinated sauce for pork. Spain can also lay claim to the delicious range of Filipino desserts and pastries. Baked goodies such as pan de sal and ensaymada are of Spanish origin. When American defeated the Spaniards and colonies the Philippines, they introduce a little American cuisine. Although Americans didn’t make that much of an influence in Philippine cuisine, they certainly changed the way Filipinos dine. They introduce the fast-food chain that and can goods which is until now available everywhere. Native Filipino cooking is not too spicy despite the fact that spices are plentiful and readily available in the islands. The basic staple is rice of which hundreds of varieties are cultivated. Main source of protein is fish which abound in oceans, lakes, rivers, streams and ponds. Meat, especially pork and poultry, is also commonly eaten. Beef is readily available but is more expensive; the cattle industry not being well developed in the country. Veal and lamb are not too popular but goat meat is considered a delicacy in some parts of the country as are frogs, rabbits and deer. It is often when sampling native Filipino dishes that one appreciates the regional variations in the country. For while it is true that Filipino culture is homogeneous, there are specific differences in cooking and food preferences that readily identify the regional origin of many dishes. Although these differences are not as pronounced as in the regional variations of Chinese cooking, for instance, they are widely recognized in the country where regionalism plays an important role because of its geographical division into many island-groups. Foreign Study The word restaurant was unknown until 1765. At that time a Frenchman called Boulanger opened such an establishment in Paris to serve meals and light refreshments. It was so successful that it was quickly imitated by others, and many new establishments with the same idea and calling themselves restaurants opened in France. The ward restaurant was not generally used in England until the end of the 19th century. In England, the restaurant idea spread more slowly than in France. At first there came the tea shops, and in 1873 the first restaurant was opened in London.