Insomnia free essay sample

An investigation of the different reasons for and treatment for a sleeping disorder. This paper breaks down the various types of a sleeping disorder transient, intense and incessant. It talks about the numerous potential causes, including: physical (muscle torment, cerebral pain, nasal blockage, diet, heat, cold), mental and enthusiastic (discouragement, stress, nervousness) and the likely impacts diminished proficiency and efficiency , expanded non-appearance and dangers of mishaps. The paper additionally proposes solutions for this condition: home grown and homeopathic cures, yoga, traditional medicine antihistamines, tranquilizers. The author asserts that a definitive way to deal with interminable sleep deprivation exists in the individual and his comprehension of himself. Essential a sleeping disorder is characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as the trouble of starting or keeping up rest or rest of the non-helpful sort for at any rate a month.(Espie 2002) Insomnia is transient when it endures just for a couple of days to half a month, as when some impermanent occasion or state of being is dependable, for example, a disease, changes in dozing condition, work or family stress or fly slack. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sleep deprivation or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The reason or causes will pass or can be discarded legitimately But when the turmoil happens between a month and a half year, it is called intense sleep deprivation, and past a half year, it is interminable. This sort is recognized from the psychophysiologic a sleeping disorder in attentiveness, the circadian mood issue in time arrangement, the parasomnias and auxiliary sleep deprivations. A sleeping disorder that is beyond what transient can't be successfully wiped out or helped quickly or on a superficial level. The fundamental main driver must be found and managed straightforwardly. This is on the grounds that the bodys typical rest design is upset when rest gets troublesome or missing for over a month, and the body acclimates to this new and unpredictable or poor example. Narcotics or some different methodologies may address and quiet the side effects, yet the restlessness will reemerge just until the genuine reason is found and dispensed with. Incessant a sleeping disorder is ch aracterized as the abstract understanding of a deficient amount or nature of rest that has continued for at any rate one month. (qtd in Rajput Oct 1 1999: 1)

Army out of Vieques essays

Armed force out of Vieques articles Rafael Torres, a previous security watch at the U.S. Naval force base in Vieques, said he despite everything hears commotions in his mind. A sound like the warrior stream that in 1995 heaved two concrete filled shots a couple of feet from where he was standing (ROSS A10). A day or two ago I was dozing in my easy chair, and I dove on the floor when I heard planes humming in my ears, said Torres (qtd in ROSS A10), 49, who has since resigned with an inability annuity due to mental injury from the mishap. He said one bomb struck the three-story perception post he was guarding, slamming through the best two stories. The second landed feet from where he stood, heaving lumps of concrete. Torres didn't understand this at that point, however this limited miss foreshadowed a significantly more genuine mishap (ROSS A10). Months after the fact on April 19,1999, one of Torres' colleagues, David Sanes Rodriguez was pulling obligation at a similar post when a Navy F-18 dumped two 5,000-pound bombs about 1.9 miles off base. Dissimilar to the dormant practice bombs Torres experienced, these shots stuffed lives explosives. Sanes was murdered, and four other base workers were harmed. This occurrence has blended far reaching political restriction to the Navy's multi year authority over this Puerto Rican island-region. Presently, the pentagon is at risk for losing its chief maritime preparing office. The Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility in Vieques, which is decided by military investigators to be an imperative national security resource and the main site where the military can organize incorporated ocean and air preparing (The Pentagon A32). Puerto Rico has been a United States an area for a long time, and for 61 of those years the U.S. naval force has utilized the Puerto Rican island of Vieques as a work on shelling range. US troops have prepared on the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico, since World War II. 70% (around 22,000 of 33,000 sections of land) of Vieques is constrained by the U.S. Naval force. ... <!

2020 Freshman Essay Questions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2020 Freshman Essay Questions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2020 Freshman Essay Questions Every year, our office reviews the freshman application for changes that we would like to see for the next year. During this review, we also look at the short essay questions that are required for First Year applicants. Based on our review of the essays from last year, we are keeping the essay prompts the same as last year. We require one short essay that all applicants must complete, and four additional short essay topics with the applicant selecting to respond to one of these. These two essays should be between 200-300 words and remember to focus on substance and not word count. Before submitting your application and essays, always remember to proofread and edit! The First Year application will be available on September 1, but we thought that some people would want to know the essay prompts earlier than that date. Based on the essays we read last year, we do have one suggestion Please remember your audience. For some reason, we had a large number of essays about bodily functions t his year, and while these might be good stories for late night gatherings with friends, they might not be the best admission essays. Here are the five essay questions, with Essay 1 being required and Essays 2-5 being four options from which the applicant selects one. (Required)The college admissions process can create anxiety. In an attempt to make it less stressful, please tell us an interesting or amusing story about yourself from your high school years that you have not already shared in your application. Essays 2-5,Choose one of the following four: UGA’s 2017 Commencement speaker Ernie Johnson (Class of ’79) told a story from his youth about what he refers to as blackberry moments. He has described these as“the sweet moments that are right there to be had but we’re just too focused on what we’re doing …, and we see things that are right there within our reach and we neglect them.Blackberry moments can be anything that makes somebody else’s day, that makes your day, that are just sweet moments that you always remember.” Tell us about one of your “blackberry moments” from the past five years. What is the hardest part of being a teenager now? What is the best part? What advice would you give to a younger sibling or friend (assuming they would listen to you)? Tell a story from your life, describing an experience that either demonstrates your character or helped to shape it. Describe a problem, possibly related to your area of study, which you would like to solve. Explain its importance to you and what actions you would take to solve this issue. I have also included a sample essay from this past application cycle to give you an example of what we consider a strong essay, and it is from interesting or amusing story prompt. January appeared bittersweet. Exhilaration filled my body with new year jitters and reminders that half a school year remained. Sadness marinated as winter break ended, and 3AM bedtimes became nonexistent. I walked through my home in fuzzy socks, hoping school would delay itself one more week! My Christmas presents no longer had much of my time, and I struggled finding the coziest jacket for ice-cold temperatures. As Christmas time floated away, I began to cherish the moments. The night of January 2nd, I was wide awake as if Santa would arrive. I shared stories on FaceTime with my friend and smothered myself in warm blankets. The night grew old, and I dozed off into a cozy slumber. Around 8:30 AM, I was awakened by my 21-year-old brother. Confused and half-awake, cranky was an understatement, because my 3 AM bedtime never fibbed. He informed me that someone was outside to meet me! Immediately, I stumbled from my bed to get dressed. I raced down the stairs to meet someone special to my heart. I slung the door open and embraced the gorgeous sight. A neat blanket lay on the grass, as if for a picnic. Words were not spoken, but soft whispers tickled my ears. I heard the echo of a pale, booming voice. On January 3rd, he swaddled me, and cold air trickled down my spine. Chill bumps ran vigorously around my body, and shrieks escaped my lips as he tickled my face. We danced on the ground like there was no tomorrow. South Georgia had been invited to a party hosted by the snow! Although sixteen, I felt six years old on January 3rd. I threw majestic snowballs, named my snowman, and created beautiful snow angels. Snow had not met Baxley, Georgia in eight years. I was more than elated to attend the meeting! I embraced the moment that I knew could possibly never happen again. Abnormal but beautiful, many memories were made. Jackets were warm enough, and winter break concluded beautifully. I am not so sure that the beginning of January will be bittersweet ever again. Jahnae N., Baxley, GA. Good luck with your essays, and Go Dawgs!

Satyagrah A New Phrase For The Spiritual Approach On The...

Amidst the ongoing campaigns to challenge British encroachments on the rights of Indians in early 20th century South Africa, Mohandas Karamachand Gandhi coined a new phrase for the spiritual approach he took to his political work: satyagraha. Gene Sharp has written perhaps the most concise explanation of Satyagraha. â€Å"Satyagraha,† he writes, â€Å"is best translated as the firmness which comes from reliance on truth, and truth here has connotations of essence of being.† Sharp’s description of satyagraha as constituting, on a basic level, notions of â€Å"truth† and â€Å"essence of being† requires that we treat satyagraha as site of inquiry rather than as an explanation. Firstly, we should interrogate Gandhian ideas about truth and being and, secondly, we should examine how these ways of knowing and ways of being were reinterpreted for the black freedom struggle in the United States. In this way, it’s possible to break the concept of sat yagraha into its constituent parts: what does â€Å"firm being† mean for Gandhi? What about truth? And how do these religious ways of knowing square with Gandhi’s politics? Such questions gain clarification by examining the deep influence of Jain ideas on the Hindu Gandhi. Growing up in the city of Rajkot in the Gujarat region of Western India, Gandhi was surrounded by Jains and Jain ideas, but a wealthy Jain jeweler named Raychand inspired Gandhi to refract fundamental religious questions about being and truth through the prism of Jain principles. â€Å"What is

Comparison Of Wilfredo Lam - 1158 Words

Comparison of Primitivist imagery in Wilfredo Lam’s Untitled, 1953 and Matta’s Untitled (Flying People Eaters), 1942. Wilfredo Lam’s Untitled, 1953 and Matta’s Untitled (Flying People Eaters), 1942 share a wall in gallery 397 of the AIC. The two drawings were completed within 12 years of each other, and they seem be in conversation as surrealist compositions. Both pieces incorporate primitivist imagery into their engagement with the surreal. However, where Matta uses this imagery to further Freudian shock value and bring forward abject discomfort, Lam uses â€Å"primitive† symbology to discuss notions of Afro-Cuban identity through a cubist and surreal lens. Untitled, 1953 is a graphite drawing on cream wove paper. The paper has a visible†¦show more content†¦This figure’s body is cropped, leaving the viewer with only its torso and head. While portions of this figure’s body are more humanoid than the previous, (a pronounced shoulder and breast ground the character) once we move up from these shoulders the body seems to break into geometric abstraction. A spiky neck extends and transforms into a sort of scaffolding to hold up the mask-face. This figure is also decorated with flowers and hair like protrusions, suggesting an almost ritualistic garb. Taking up the entire right side of the composition a third character ascends a staircase and rests one hand on a disjointed platform. This figure wears an elaborate headdress, fabric sash and holds a large knife tucked at it’s side. The figure’s long toes curl around the top stair where it stands surveying the other two figures. This figure also has a tail, and the same mirroring happens between the extending hairs of the headdress and the hairs of its tail as with the candle light and tail of the first figure. The decorations and prominence of this figure give it an air of spiritual significance, the word priest seems apt. Behind this figure is the forth and final figure of the composition. This figure stands lower on the staircase behind the figure with the knife. This figure has a head shaped like a goblet filled with toothpicks. We only see the head and shoulders of this figure,

The Crystal Shard 8. Bloody Fields Free Essays

string(190) " beautiful cut and worth a dragon’s hoard of gold!† deBernezan kept his sword out in front of him, but Regis counted as the seconds passed and the dark-haired man did not blink\." The horde entered the mouth of Bremen’s Run just before midday. They longed to announce their glorious charge with a song of war, but they understood that a certain degree of stealth was vital to the ultimate success of deBernezan’s battle plan. deBernezan was comforted by the familiar sight of sails dotting the waters of Maer Dualdon as he jogged beside King Haalfdane. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crystal Shard 8. Bloody Fields or any similar topic only for you Order Now The surprise would be complete, he believed, and then with ironic amusement he noted that some of the ships already flew the red flags of the catch. â€Å"More wealth for the victors,† he hissed under his breath. The barbarians had still not begun their song when the Tribe of the Bear split away from the main group and headed toward Termalaine, though the cloud of dust that followed their run would have told a wary observer that something out of the ordinary was happening. They rolled on toward Bryn Shander and cried out their first cheer when the pennant of the principle city came into sight. The combined forces of the four towns of Maer Dualdon lay hidden in Termalaine. Their goal was to strike fast and hard at the small tribe that attacked the city, overrunning them as quickly as possible, then charge to the aid of Bryn Shander, trapping the rest of the horde between the two armies. Kemp of Targos was in command of this operation, but he had conceded the first blow to Agorwal, spokesman of the home city. Torches set the first buildings of the city ablaze as Haalfdane’s wild army rushed in. Termalaine was second only to Targos among the nine fishing villages in population, but it was a sprawling, uncluttered town, with houses spread out over a large area and wide avenues running between them. Its people had retained their privacy and a measure of breathing room, giving the town an air of solitude that belied its numbers. Still, deBernezan sensed that the streets seemed unusually deserted. He mentioned his concern to the barbarian king at his side, though Haalfdane assured him that the rats had gone into hiding at the approach of the Bear. â€Å"Pull them out of their holes and burn their houses!† the barbarian king roared. â€Å"Let the fishermen on the lake hear the cries of their women and see the smoke of their burning town!† But then an arrow thudded into Haalfdane’s chest, burying itself deep within his flesh and biting through, tearing into his heart. The shocked barbarian looked down in horror at the vibrating shaft, though he couldn’t even utter a final cry before the blackness of death closed in around him. With his ashwood bow, Agorwal of Termalaine had silenced the king of the Tribe of the Bear. And, on signal from Agorwal’s strike, the four armies of Maer Dualdon sprang to life. They leaped from the rooftops of every building, from the alleys and doorways of every street. Against the ferocious assault of the multitude, the confused and stunned barbarians realized immediately that their battle would soon be at an end. Many were cut down before they could even ready their weapons. Some of the battle-hardened invaders managed to form into small groups, but the people of Ten-Towns, fighting for their homes and the lives of their loved ones and armed with crafted weapons and shields forged by dwarven smiths, pressed in immediately. Fearlessly, the defenders bore the remaining invaders down under the weight of their greater numbers. In an alley on the edge of Termalaine, Regis dove behind the concealment of a small cart as two fleeing barbarians passed by. The halfling fought with a personal dilemma: He didn’t want to be labeled a coward, but he had no intention of jumping into the battle of big folk. When the danger had passed, he walked back around the cart and tried to figure out his next move. Suddenly a dark-haired man, a member of Ten-Towns’ Militia, Regis supposed, entered the alley and spotted the halfling. Regis knew that his little game of hiding was over, the time had come for him to make his stand. â€Å"Two of the scum just passed this way,† he called boldly to the dark-haired southerner. â€Å"Come, if we’re quick we can catch them yet!† deBernezan had different plans, though. In a desperate attempt to save his own life, he had decided to slip down one alley and emerge from another as a member of the Ten-Towns force. He had no intention of leaving any witnesses to his treachery. Steadily he walked toward Regis, his slender sword at the ready. Regis sensed that the mannerisms of the closing man weren’t quite right. â€Å"Who are you?† he asked, though he somehow expected no reply. He thought that he knew nearly everyone in the city, though he didn’t believe that he had ever seen this man before. Already, he had the uncomfortable suspicion that this was the traitor Drizzt had described to Bruenor. â€Å"How come I didn’t see you come in with the others earli†¦Ã¢â‚¬  deBernezan thrust his sword at the halfling’s eye. Regis, dexterous and ever-alert, managed to lurch out of the way, though the blade scratched the side of his head and the momentum of his dodge sent him spinning to the ground. With an unemotional, disturbingly cold-blooded calm, the darkhaired man closed in again. Regis scrambled to his feet and backed away, step for step with his assailant. But then he bumped up against the side of the small cart. deBernezan advanced methodically. The halfling had nowhere left to run. Desperate, Regis pulled the ruby pendant from under his waistcoat. â€Å"Please don’t kill me,† he pleaded, holding the sparkling stone out by its chain and letting it dance seductively. â€Å"If you let me live, I’ll give you this and show you where you can find many more!† Regis was encouraged by deBernezan’s slight hesitation at the sight of the stone. â€Å"Surely, it’s a beautiful cut and worth a dragon’s hoard of gold!† deBernezan kept his sword out in front of him, but Regis counted as the seconds passed and the dark-haired man did not blink. The halfling’s left hand, began to steady, while his right, concealed behind his back, clasped firmly onto the handle of the small but heavy mace crafted for him personally by Bruenor. â€Å"Come, look closer,† Regis suggested softly. deBernezan, firmly under the spell of the sparkling stone, stooped low to better examine its fascinating dance of light. â€Å"This isn’t really fair,† Regis lamented aloud, confident that deBernezan was oblivious to anything he might say at that moment. He cracked the spiked ball of the mace onto the back of the bending man’s head. Regis eyed the result of his dirty work and shrugged absently. He had only done what was necessary. The sounds of the battle in the street rang closer to his alley sanctuary and dispelled his contemplation. Again the halfling acted on instinct. He crawled under the body of his felled enemy, then twisted around underneath to make it look as if he had gone down under the weight of the larger man. When he inspected the damage of deBernezan’s initial thrust, he was glad that he hadn’t lost his ear. He hoped that his wound was serious enough to give credence to this image of a death struggle. * * * The main host of the barbarian force reached the long, low hill that led up to Bryn Shander unaware of what had befallen their comrades in Termalaine. Here they split again, with Heafstaag leading the Tribe of the Elk around the eastern side of the hill and Beorg taking the rest of the horde straight toward the walled city. Now they took up their song of battle, hoping to further unnerve the shocked and terrified people of Ten-Towns. But behind the wall of Bryn Shander was a very different scene than the barbarians imagined. The army of the city, along with the forces of Caer-Konig and Caer-Dineval, sat ready with bows and spears and buckets of hot oil. In a dark twist of irony, the Tribe of the Elk, out of sight of the front wall of the city, took up a cheer when the first screams of death rang out on the hill, thinking the victims to be the unprepared people of Ten-Towns. A few seconds later, as Heafstaag led his men around the easternmost bend in the hill, they too met with disaster. The armies of Good Mead and Dougan’s Hole were firmly dug in and waiting, and the barbarians were hard-pressed before they even knew what had hit them. After the first few moments of confusion, though, Heafstaag managed to regain control of the situation. These warriors had been through many battles together, seasoned fighting men who knew no fear. Even with the losses of the initial attack, they were not outnumbered by the force before them, and Heafstaag was confident that he could overrun the fishermen quickly and still get his men into position. But then, shouting as they came, the army of Easthaven charged down the Eastway and pressed the barbarians on their left flank. And Heafstaag, still unshaken, had just ordered his men to make the proper adjustments to protect against the new foe when ninety battle-hardened and heavily armored dwarves tore into them from behind. The grimfaced dwarven host attacked in a wedge formation with Bruenor as its deadly tip. They cut into the Tribe of the Elk, felling barbarians like a low-swinging scythe through tall grass. The barbarians fought bravely, and many fishermen died on the eastern slopes of Bryn Shander. But the Tribe of the Elk was outnumbered and out-flanked, and barbarian blood ran freer than the blood of their foes. Heafstaag worked wildly to rally his men, but all semblance of formation and order disintegrated around him. To his worst horror and disgrace, the giant king realized that every one of his warriors would die on this field if they didn’t find a way to escape the ring of enemies and flee back to the safety of the tundra. Heafstaag himself, who had never before retreated in battle, led the desperate break. He and as many warriors as he could gather together rushed around the dwarven host, seeking a route between them and the army of Easthaven. Most of the tribesmen were cut down by the blades of Bruenor’s people, but some managed to break free of the ring and bolt away toward Kelvin’s Cairn. Heafstaag got through the gauntlet, killing two dwarves as he passed, but suddenly the giant king was engulfed in an impenetrable globe of absolute blackness. He dove headlong through it and emerged back into the light only to find himself face to face with a dark elf. * * * Bruenor had seven notches to put on his axe-handle and he bore down on number eight, a tall, gangly barbarian youth, too young even to show any stubble on his tanned face, but bearing the standard of the Tribe of the Elk with the composure of an experienced warrior. Bruenor curiously considered the engaging stare and calm visage as he closed in on the youth. It surprised him that he did not find the savage fire of barbarian bloodlust contorting the youth’s features, but rather an observant, understanding depth. The dwarf found himself truly lamenting having to kill one so young and unusual, and his pity caused him to hesitate slightly as the two joined battle. Ferocious as his heritage dictated, though, the youth showed no fear, and Bruenor’s hesitation had given him the first swing. With deadly accuracy, he slammed his standard pole down onto his foe, snapping it in half. The amazingly powerful blow dented Bruenor’s helm and jolted the dwarf into a short bounce. Tough as the mountain stone he mined, Bruenor put his hands on his hips and glared up at the barbarian, who nearly dropped his weapon, so shocked was he that the dwarf still stood. â€Å"Silly boy,† Bruenor growled as he cut the youth’s legs out from under him. â€Å"Ain’t ye never been told not to hit a dwarf on the head?† The youth desperately tried to regain his footing, but Bruenor slammed an iron shield into his face. â€Å"Eight!† roared the dwarf as he stormed away in search of number nine. But he looked back for a moment over his shoulder to consider the fallen youth, shaking his head at the waste of one so tall and straight, with intelligent eyes to match his physical prowess, a combination uncommon among the wild and ferocious natives of Icewind Dale. * * * Heafstaag’s rage doubled when he recognized his newest opponent as a drow elf. â€Å"Sorcerous dog!† he bellowed, raising his huge axe high into the sky. Even as he spoke, Drizzt flicked a finger and purple flames limned the tall barbarian from head to toe. Heafstaag roared in horror at the magical fire, though the flames did not burn his skin. Drizzt bore in, his two scimitars whirling and jabbing, thrusting high and low too quickly for the barbarian king to deflect both. Blood trickled from many small wounds, but Heafstaag seemed able to shake off the punctures of the slender scimitars as no more than a discomfort. The great axe arced down, and though Drizzt was able to deflect its path, the effort numbed his arm. Again the barbarian swung his axe. This time Drizzt was able to spin out of its killing sweep, and the completion of the drow’s rotation left the overbalanced Heafstaag stumbling and open to a counter. Drizzt didn’t hesitate, driving one of his blades deep into the barbarian king’s side. Heafstaag howled in agony and launched a backhand swing in retaliation. Drizzt thought his last thrust to be fatal, and his surprise was total when the flat head of Heafstaag’s axe smashed into his ribs and launched him through the air. The barbarian charged quickly after, meaning to finish this dangerous opponent before he could regain his footing. But Drizzt was as nimble as a cat. He landed in a roll and came up to meet Heafstaag’s charge with one of his scimitars firmly set. His axe helplessly poised above his head, the surprised barbarian couldn’t stop his momentum before he impaled his belly on the wicked point. Still, he glared at the drow and began to swing his axe. Already convinced of the superhuman strength of the barbarian, Drizzt had kept up his guard this time. He knifed his second blade just under the first, opening the lower part of Heafstaag’s abdomen from hip to hip. Heafstaag’s axe fell harmlessly to the ground as he grabbed at the wound, desperately trying to keep his belly from spilling out. His huge head lolled from side to side, the world spun about him, and he felt himself endlessly falling. Several other tribesmen, in full flight and with dwarves hot on their heels, came by at that moment and caught their king before he hit the ground. So great was their dedication to Heafstaag that two of them lifted him and carried him away while the others turned to face the coming tide of dwarves, knowing that they would certainly be cut down, but hoping only to give their comrades enough time to bear their king to safety. Drizzt rolled away from the barbarians and leaped to his feet, meaning to give chase to the two who bore Heafstaag. He had a sickening feeling that the terrible king would survive even the last grievous wounds, and he was determined to finish the job. But when he rose, he, too, found the world spinning. The side of his cloak was stained with his own blood, and he suddenly found it difficult to catch his breath. The blazing midday sun burned into his night eyes, and he was lathered in sweat. Drizzt collapsed into darkness. * * * The three armies waiting behind Bryn Shander’s wall had quickly dispatched the first line of invaders and then driven the remaining barbarian host halfway back down the hill. Undaunted and thinking that time would play in their favor, the ferocious horde had regrouped around Beorg and begun a steady, cautious march back toward the city. When the barbarians heard the charge coming up the eastern slope, they assumed that Heafstaag had finished his battle on the side of the hill, had learned of the resistance at the front gate, and was returning to help them smash into the city. Then Beorg spotted tribesmen fleeing to the north toward Icewind Pass, the stretch of ground opposite Bremen’s Run that passed between Lac Dinneshere and the western side of Kelvin’s Cairn. The king of the Tribe of the Wolf knew that his people were in trouble. Offering no explanation beyond the promised thrust of the tip of his spear to any who questioned his orders, Beorg started to turn his men around to head away from the city, hoping to regroup with Haalfdane and the Tribe of the Bear and salvage as many of his people as he could. Before he had even completed the reversal of the march, he found Kemp and the four armies of Maer Dualdon behind him, their deep ranks barely thinned by the slaughter in Termalaine. Over the wall came the armies of Bryn Shander, Caer-Konig, and Caer-Dineval, and around the hill came Bruenor, leading the dwarven clan and the last three armies of Ten-Towns. Beorg ordered his men into a tight circle. â€Å"Tempos is watching!† he yelled at them. â€Å"Make him proud of his people!† Nearly eight hundred barbarians remained, and they fought with the confidence of the blessing of their god. They held their formation for almost an hour, singing and dying, before the lines broke down and chaos erupted. Less than fifty escaped with their lives. * * * After the final blows had at last been swung, the exhausted warriors of Ten-Towns set about the grim task of sorting out their losses. More than five hundred of their companions had been killed and two hundred more would eventually die of their wounds, yet the toll wasn’t heavy considering the two thousand barbarians who lay dead in the streets of Termalaine and on the slopes of Bryn Shander. Many heroes had been made that day, and Bruenor, though anxious to get back to the eastern battlefields to search for missing companions, paused for a long moment as the last of them was carried in glory up the hill to Bryn Shander. â€Å"Rumblebelly?† exclaimed the dwarf. â€Å"The name is Regis,† the halfling retorted from his high perch, proudly folding his arms across his chest. â€Å"Respect, good dwarf,† said one of the men carrying Regis. â€Å"In single combat Spokesman Regis of Lonelywood slew the traitor that brought the horde upon us, though he was wickedly injured in the battle!† Bruenor snorted in amusement as the procession passed. â€Å"There’s more to that tale than what’s been told, I’ll wager!† he chuckled to his equally amused companions. â€Å"Or I’m a bearded gnome!† * * * Kemp of Targos and one of his lieutenants were the first to come upon the fallen form of Drizzt Do’Urden. Kemp prodded the dark elf with the toe of his blood-stained boot, drawing a semiconscious groan in response. â€Å"He lives,† Kemp said to his lieutenant with an amused smile. â€Å"A pity.† He kicked the injured drow again, this time with more enthusiasm. The other man laughed in approval and lifted his own foot to join in the fun. Suddenly, a mailed fist slammed into Kemp’s kidney with enough force to carry the spokesman over Drizzt and send him bouncing down the long decline of the hill. His lieutenant whirled around, conveniently ducking low to receive Bruenor’s second swing square in the face. â€Å"One for yerself, too!† the enraged dwarf growled as he felt the man’s nose shatter under his blow. Cassius of Bryn Shander, viewing the incident from higher up on the hill, screamed in anger and rushed down the slope toward Bruenor. â€Å"You should be taught some diplomacy!† he scolded. â€Å"Stand where y’ are, son of a swamp pig!† was Bruenor’s threatening response. â€Å"Ye owe the drow yer stinkin’ lives and homes,† he roared to all around who could hear him, â€Å"and ye treat him as vermin!† â€Å"‘Ware your words, dwarf!† retorted Cassius, tentatively grabbing at his sword hilt. The dwarves formed a line around their leader, and Cassius’s men gathered around him. Then a third voice sounded clearly. â€Å"‘Ware your own, Cassius,† warned Agorwal of Termalaine. â€Å"I would have done the same thing to Kemp if I was possessed of the courage of the dwarf!† He pointed to the north. â€Å"The sky is clear,† he yelled. â€Å"Yet were it not for the drow, it would be filled with the smoke of burning Termalaine!† The spokesman from Termalaine and his companions moved over to join Bruenor’s line. Two of the men gently lifted Drizzt from the ground. â€Å"Fear not for your friend, valiant dwarf,† said Agorwal. â€Å"He will be well tended in my city. Never again shall I, or my fellow men of Termalaine, prejudge him by the color of his skin and the reputation of his kin!† Cassius was outraged. â€Å"Remove your soldiers from the grounds of Bryn Shander!† he screamed at Agorwal, but it was an empty threat, for the men of Termalaine were already departing. Satisfied that the drow was in safe hands, Bruenor and his clan moved on to search the rest of the battleground. â€Å"I’ll not forget this!† Kemp yelled at him from far down the hill. Bruenor spat at the spokesman from Targos and continued on unshaken. And so it went that the alliance of the people of Ten-Towns lasted only as long as their common enemy. How to cite The Crystal Shard 8. Bloody Fields, Essay examples

Dbq- Trade free essay sample

RoadIn the times of the early modern world, there was an increase in desire for new goods and resources, which led countries to explore different lands. More trade routes were made, allowing trade to erupt all around the world. Trade became an important force of change and had many effects on society and foreign relations. From 1300-1800 many European countries wanted to expand and make their lands more bountiful with more resources and goods from other places. Countries wanted what other countries had; for example different types of food and spices. This desire for new goods and resources drove countries to explore new lands and trade with other places so they can attain those things. For example, there was Vasco de Gama of Portugal who travelled to Calicut, India, claiming that he wanted to befriend the ruler of Calicut (document 4). In truth, the reason Vasco de Gama came to India was because he knew that other countries were bringing goods to India and he was interested in discovering what goods and resources they had. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq- Trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As more trade routes were being made, and more countries were exploring different lands; trade became an important force for change due to the exchanging of different resources and ideas. The Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere each had a lot to offer (document 2) and through the many trade routes that were made through the European sea trade (document 5), a lot of goods were now being exchanged. So a variety of lands now had different food, animals, metals, and diseases. In this new modern world, changes began to happen in different areas; lands were now being exposed to different resources unlike what they were used to because of the different goods and resources they were receiving. Another change that occurred because of this age of exploration and trading is the rising of a new merchant class (document 3). The merchants, not only did the trading of goods and resources but also of ideas. Since trading became so big, the merchants who were in charge of it became very wealthy and were always in demand for the goods that they had. These changes stuck in society, and there became a wider variety of goods, resources, and ideas all around the world. Trade provided the world with new resources that they have not seen, which also allowed relationships between countries to interact and improve. For example the letter from the governor of Sijilmasa in southern Morocco, to the king of Ghana in Western Africa (document 1). Even though these two kingdoms are not from the same religion or place, they have put aside their differences and agreed on the issue that merchants should not be imprisoned. Trade has let completely different people interact and communicate humanly even though they are not the same. Another example is what Pope Innocent III granted to Venice (document 6). Under normal circumstances the pope did not allow Venice to trade with Muslim because they were at war with them, but due to critical conditions, an acception was made, to allow the people of Venice to live well. Venice was now allowed to trade with the Muslims, so the relationship between those two lands were mended slightly due to this. In general because of the European sea trade and all the trade routes that there were, countries were forced to interact more with each other, so just in that aspect itself it improved relationships between countries, different lands, and leaders themselves. In the 1300’s to the 1800’s, goods and resources became more desirable so trade routes flourished throughout the European sea trade. Trade introduced new resources and ideas to different countries and lands, and came up with a new merchant class. It improved different countries relationships with each other and helped countries interact better.

Recruitment and Selection Essay Example

Recruitment and Selection Essay The Recruitment and Selection process promotes successful hiring decisions that can truly impact the success of a department or faculty. The selection of a candidate with the right combination of education, work experience, attitude, and creativity will not only increase the quality and stability of the workforce, it will also play a large role in bringing management strategies and planning to fruition. For every organization it is important to have a right person on a right job. Recruitment and Selection plays a vital role in this situation. Shortage of skills and the use of new technology are putting considerable pressure on how employers go about Recruiting and Selecting staff. It is recommended to carry out a strategic analysis of Recruitment and Selection procedure. The ideal recruitment programme is the one that attracts a relatively larger number of qualified applicants who will survive the screening process and accept positions with the organization, when offered. Recruitment programmes can miss the ideal in many ways i. e. by failing to attract an adequate applicant pool, by under/over selling the organization or by inadequate screening applicants before they enter the selection process. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Selection specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Selection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Selection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, to approach the ideal, individuals responsible for the recruitment process must know how many and what types of employees are needed, where and how to look for the individuals with the appropriate qualifications and interests, what inducement to use for various types of applicants groups, how to distinguish applicants who are qualified from those who have a reasonable chance of success and how to evaluate their work. With reference to this context, this project is been prepared to put a light on Recruitment and Selection process. This project includes Meaning and Definition of Recruitment and Selection, Need and Purpose of Recruitment, Evaluation of Recruitment Process, Recruitment Tips. Sources of Recruitment through which an Organization gets suitable application. Scientific Recruitment and Selection, which an Organization should follow for, right manpower. Job Analysis, which gives an idea about the requirement of the job. Next is Selection process, which includes steps of Selection, Types of Test, Types of Interview, Common Interview Problems and their Solutions. Approaches to Selection, Scientific Selection Policy, Selection in India and problems. The objective of the study is to analyze the actual recruitment process in BHEL and to evaluate how far this process confirm to the purposes underlying the operational aspects of the industry. How far the process is accepted by it? The study on recruitment highlights the need of recruitment in BHEL. Human resource is a most valuable asset in the Organization. Profitability of the Organization depends on its utilization. If their utilization is done properly Organization will make profit otherwise it will make loss. If a good dancer appointed as a Chief Executive Officer of a Company, he may not run the business. So right man should be procured at right place in right time, otherwise their proper utilization may not be done. To procure right man at right place in right time, some information regarding job and job doer is highly essential. These information are obtained through Job analysis, job descriptions, Job Specifications. BHEL procure manpower in a very scientific manner . It gets information by use of these important documents like Job Analysis, Job Descriptions and Job Specifications. Without these recruitment may be unsuccessful. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY In BHEL the recruitment policy spells out the objective and provides a framework for implementation of the recruitment programme in the form of procedures. The company involves a commitment to broad principles such as filling vacancies with best qualified individuals. The recruitment policy in a company may embrace spell issue such as the extent of promotion from within, attitudes of enterprise in recruiting old, handicapped and minor individuals, minority group members, parttime employees and relatives of present employees. In a company BHEL, there usually a staff unit attached with personnel or an industrial relations department designated as employment or recruitment office. This specialization Of recruitment enables staff personnel to become highly skilled in recruitment techniques and their evaluation. However, recruitment remains the line responsibility as far as the personnel requisition forms are originated by the personnel, who has the final words in the acceptance or rejection of a particular applicant. Despite this the staff personnel have adequate freedom in respect of sources of manpower to be tapped and the procedure to be followed for this purpose. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY SCOPE 1. To structure the Recruitment policy of BHEL for different categories of employees. . To analyse the recruitment policy of the organization. 3. To provide a systematic recruitment process. 4. It extends to the whole Organization. It covers corporate office, sites and works appointments all over India. 5. It covers workers, Clerical Staff, Officers, Jr. Management, Middle Management and Senior Management cadres. IMPORTANCE Without focusing the pattern of management, organization philosophy highlights on achieving a surely where all citizens (employees) can lead a richer and fuller life. Every organisation, therefore, strikes for greater productivity, elimination of wastes, lower costs and higher wages, so the industry needs a stable and energetic labours force that can boast of production by increased productivity. To achieve these objectives a good recruitment amp; selection process is essential. By which industry strikes right number of persons and right kind of persons at the right time and at right places through and the planning period without hampering productivity. Proposed Research Methodology The methodology used is to gain an insight into various dimensions and aspects of the study so as to determine the concept of Recruitment and Selection at BHEL. In initial stage data will be collected through extensive literature survey specific to the report. Second stage involves applying the knowledge gained and transforming it into real practice by having hands on experience. The last stage will consist of analyzing the whole process of Recruitment and Selection at BHEL. This project requires a detailed understanding of the concept – â€Å"Recruitment and Selection†. Therefore firstly we need to have a clear idea of what is Recruitment and Selection at BHEL Then I would application of Recruitment and Selection at BHEL * And in the end suggestions and recommendations have been given * The project will be prepared mainly using the secondary data which would consist of: * Books on Human resource management by various authors and internet websites. * The main reason for this reliance on secondary data is due to the fact that first hand information is not available due to its confidentiality. Limitations of the study Study is not very exhaustive and many concepts cannot be studies due to time and other constraints. * The lack of information sources for the analysis part. * Though I tried to collect some primary data but they were too inadequate for the purposes of the study. Recruitment and Selection (Overview) Recruitment and selection are two of the most important functions of personnel management. Recruitment precedes selection and helps in selecti ng a right candidate. Recruitment is an important part of a business human resource planning. In all businesses, people are a vital resource and they need to be managed as such. The overall aim of the recruitment and selection process is to obtain the number and quality of employees that are required in order for the business to achieve its objectives. The Recruitment and Selection process promotes successful hiring decisions that can truly impact the success of a department or faculty. The selection of a candidate with the right combination of education, work experience, attitude, and creativity will not only increase the quality and stability of the workforce, it will also play a large role in bringing management strategies and planning to fruition. There are three main stages in recruitment: 1) Identify and define the requirements. This involves the preparation of job descriptions, job specifications and person specifications (2) Attract potential employees there are various methods for doing this which are described in a separate revision note (3) Select and employ the appropriate people from the job applicants It is important to appreciate that recrui tment is a continuous process because of: * Staff departures (e. g. retirements, sackings, resignations) * Changes in business requirements (e. g. new products, markets, expanded operations) * Changes n business location (a relocation often triggers the need for substantial recruitment) * Promotions Recruitment is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirement of the staffing schedule and to employ effective measures for attracting that manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of efficient personnel. Staffing is one basic function of management. All managers have responsibility of staffing function by selecting the chief executive and even the foremen and supervisors have a staffing responsibility when they select the rank and file workers. However, the personnel manager and his personnel department is mainly concerned with the staffing function. Every organization needs to look after recruitment and selection in the initial period and thereafter as and when additional manpower is required due to expansion and development of business activities. ‘Right person for the right job’ is the basic principle in recruitment and selection. Ever organization should give attention to the selection of its manpower, especially its managers. The operative manpower is equally important and essential for the orderly working of an enterprise. Every business organization/unit needs manpower for carrying different business activities smoothly and efficiently and for this recruitment and selection of suitable candidates are essential. Human resource management in an organization will not be possible if unsuitable persons are selected and employment in a business unit. MEANING: RECRUITMENT Recruitment means to estimate the available vacancies and to make suitable arrangements for their selection and appointment. Recruitment is understood as the process of searching for and obtaining applicants for the jobs, from among whom the right people can be selected. A formal definition states, â€Å"It is the process of finding and attracting capable applicants for the employment. The process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applicants are submitted. The result is a pool of applicants from which new employees are selected†. In this, the available vacancies are given wide publicity and suitable candidates are encouraged to submit applications so as to have a pool of eligible candidates for scientific selection. In recruitment, information is collected from interested candidates. For this different source such as newspaper advertisement, employment exchanges, internal promotion, etc. re used. In the recruitment, a pool of eligible and interested candidates is created for selection of most suitable candidates. Recruitment represents the first contact that a company makes with potential employees Definition: According to EDWIN FLIPPO,†Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulatin g them to apply for jobs in the organization. † Need for recruitment: The need for recruitment may be due to the following reasons / situation: a) Vacancies due to promotions, transfer, retirement, termination, permanent disability, death and labour turnover. ) Creation of new vacancies due to the growth, expansion and diversification of business activities of an enterprise. In addition, new vacancies are possible due to job specification. Purpose and importance of Recruitment: 1. Determine the present and future requirements of the organization on conjunction with its personnel-planning and job analysis activities. 2. Increase the pool of job candidates at minimum cost. 3. Help increase the success rate of the selection process by reducing the number of visibly under qualified or overqualified job applicants. . Help reduce the probability that job applicants, once recruited and selected, will leave the organization only after a short period of time. 5. Meet the organizationâ €™s legal and social obligations regarding the composition of its work force. 6. Begin identifying and preparing potential job applicants who will be appropriate candidates. 7. Increase organizational and individual effectiveness in the short term and long term. 8. Evaluate the effectiveness of various recruiting techniques and sources for all types of job applicants. Recruitment is a positive function in which publicity is given to the jobs available in the organization and interested candidates are encouraged to submit applications for the purpose of selection. Recruitment represents the first contact that a company makes with potential employees. It is through recruitment that many individuals will come to know a company, and eventually decided whether they wish to work for it. A well-planned and well-managed recruiting effort will result in high quality applicants, whereas, a haphazard and piecemeal efforts will result in mediocre ones. Unscientific Recruitment and Selection: Previously, the selection of candidates was influenced by superstitions, beliefs, personal prejudices of managers looking after the recruitment and selection of the staff. The net result of such unscientific recruitment and selection are: (a) Low productivity of labour (b) High turnover (c) Excessive wastage of raw materials (d) More accidents and corresponding loss to the organization (e) Inefficient working of the whole organization and finally (f) Ineffective executive of training and management development programs Scientific recruitment and selection The importance of selection recruitment and selection of staff is now accepted in the business world. Selection is important as it has its impact on work performance and employee cost. As result scientific methods of recruitment and selection are extensively for the selection of managers and the supervisory staff. The assistance of experts such as industrial psychologist and management consultants are also taken for the purpose of scientific selection. As a result, the objective of â€Å"right man for the right job† is achieved in many organizations. Moreover, â€Å"right job† is the basic rinciple in manpower procurement. RECRUITMENT PROCESS Recruitment refers to the process of identifying and attracting job seekers so as to build a pool of qualified job applicants. The process comprises five interrelated stages, viz, 1. Planning. 2. Strategy development. 3. Searching. 4. Screening. 5. Evaluation and control. The ideal recruitment programme is the one that attracts a r elatively larger number of qualified applicants who will survive the screening process and accept positions with the organization, when offered. Recruitment programmes can miss the ideal in many ways i. e. y failing to attract an adequate applicant pool, by under/over selling the organization or by inadequate screening applicants before they enter the selection process. Thus, to approach the ideal, individuals responsible for the recruitment process must know how many and what types of employees are needed, where and how to look for the individuals with the appropriate qualifications and interests, what inducement to use for various types of applicants groups, how to distinguish applicants who are qualified from those who have a reasonable chance of success and how to evaluate their work. STAGE 1: RECRUITMENT PLANNING: The first stage in the recruitment process is planning. Planning involves the translation of likely job vacancies and information about the nature of these jobs into set of objectives or targets that specify the (1) Numbers and (2) Types of applicants to be contacted. Numbers of contact: Organization, nearly always, plan to attract more applicants than they will hire. Some of those contacted will be uninterested, unqualified or both. Each time a recruitment Programme is contemplated, one task is to estimate the number of applicants necessary to fill all vacancies with the qualified people. Types of contacts: It is basically concerned with the types of people to be informed about job openings. The type of people depends on the tasks and responsibilities involved and the qualifications and experience expected. These details are available through job description and job specification. STAGE 2: STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT: When it is estimated that what types of recruitment and how many are required then one has concentrate in (1). Make or Buy employees. (2). Technological sophistication of recruitment and selection devices. 3). Geographical distribution of labour markets comprising job seekers. (4). Sources of recruitment. (5). Sequencing the activities in the recruitment process. ‘Make’ or ‘Buy’: Organization must decide whether to hire le skilled employees and invest on training and education programmes, or they can hire skilled labour and professional. Essentially, this is the ‘make’ or ‘buy’ decision. Organizations, which h ire skilled and professionals shall have to pay more for these employees. Technological Sophistication: The second decision in strategy development relates to the methods used in recruitment and selection. This decision is mainly influenced by the available technology. The advent of computers has made it possible for employers to scan national and international applicant qualification. Although impersonal, computers have given employers and ob seekers a wider scope of options in the initial screening stage. Where to look: In order to reduce the costs, organizations look in to labour markets most likely to offer the required job seekers. Generally, companies look in to the national market for managerial and professional employees, regional or local markets for technical employees and local markets for the clerical and blue-collar employees. When to look: An effective recruiting strategy must determine when to look-decide on the timings of events besides knowing where and how to look for job applicants. STAGE 3: SEARCHNG: Once a recruitment plan and strategy are worked out, the search process can begin. Search involves two steps A). Source activation and B). Selling. A). SOURCE ACTIVATION: Typically, sources and search methods are activated by the issuance of an employee requisition. This means that no actual recruiting takes place until lone managers have verified that vacancy does exist or will exist. If the organization has planned well and done a good job of developing its sources and search methods, activation soon results in a flood of applications and/or resumes. The application received must be screened. Those who pass have to be contacted and invited for interview. Unsuccessful applicants must be sent letter of regret. B). SELLING: A second issue to be addressed in the searching process concerns communications. Here, organization walks tightrope. On one hand, they want to do whatever they can to attract desirable applicants. On the other hand, they must resist the temptation of overselling their virtues. In selling the organization, both the message and the media deserve attention. Message refers to the employment advertisement. With regards to media, it may be stated that effectiveness of any recruiting message depends on the media. Media are several-some have low credibility, while others enjoy high credibility. Selection of medium or media needs to be done with a lot of care. STEP 4: SCREENING:Screening of applicants can be regarded as an integral part of the recruiting process, though many view it as the first step in the selection process. Even the definition on recruitment, we quoted in the beginning of this chapter, excludes screening from its scope. However, we have included screening in recruitment for valid reasons. The selection process will begin after the applications have been scrutinized and short-listed. Hiring of professors in a university is a typical situation. Application received in response to advertisements is screened and only eligible applicants are called for an interview. A selection committee comprising the Vice-chancellor, Registrar and subject experts conducts interview. Here, the recruitment process extends up to screening the applications. The selection process commences only later. Purpose of screening The purpose of screening is to remove from the recruitment process, at an early stage, those applicants who are visibly unqualified for the job. Effective screening can save a great deal of time and money. Care must be exercised, however, to assure that potentially good employees are not rejected without justification. In screening, clear job specifications are invaluable. It is both good practice and a legal necessity that applicant’s qualification is judged on the basis of their knowledge, skills, abilities and interest required to do the job. The techniques used to screen applicants vary depending on the candidate sources and recruiting methods used. Interview and application blanks may be used to screen walk-ins. Campus recruiters and agency representatives use interviews and resumes. Reference checks are also useful in screening. STAGE 5: EVALUATION AND CONTROL: Evaluation and control is necessary as considerable costs are incurred in the recruitment process. The costs generally incurred are: 1. Salaries for recruiters. 2. Management and professional time spent on preparing job description, job specifications, advertisements, agency liaison and so forth. 3. The cost of advertisements or other recruitment methods, that is, agency fees. 4. Recruitment overheads and administrative expenses. 5. Costs of overtime and outsourcing while the vacancies remain unfilled. . Cost of recruiting unsuitable candidates for the selection process. EVALUATION OF RECRUITMENT PROCESS The recruitment has the objective of searching for and obtaining applications for job seekers in sufficient number and quality. Keeping this objective in the mind, the evaluation might include: 1. Return rate of application sent out. 2. Number of suitable candidates for selection. 3. Retention and perfor mance of the candidates selected. 4. Cost of the recruitment process 5. Time lapsed data 6. Comments on image projected. Sources of Recruitment SOURCES OF MANAGERIAL RECRUITMENT INTERNAL SOURCES EXTERNAL SOURCES 1) Promotion 1) Campus recruitment 2) Transfers 2) Press advertisement 3) Internal notification 3) Management consultancy service (Advertisement) amp; private employment exchanges 4) Retirement 4) Deputation of personnel or transfer from one enterprise to another 5) Recall 5) Management training schemes 6) Former employees 6) Walk-ins, write-ins, talk-ins 7) Miscellaneous external sources The sources of recruitment can be broadly categorized into internal and external sources- (I) Internal Recruitment – Internal recruitment seeks applicants for positions from within the company. The various internal sources include * Promotions and Transfers – Promotion is an effective means using job posting and personnel records. Job posting requires notifying vacant positions by posting notices, circulating publications or announcing at staff meetings and inviting employees to apply. Personnel records help discover employees who are doing jobs below their educational qualifications or skill levels. Promotions has many advantages like it is good public relations, builds morale, encourages competent individuals who are ambitious, improves the probability of good selection since information on the individual’s performance is readily available, is cheaper than going outside to recruit, those chosen internally are familiar with the organization thus reducing the orientation time and energy and also acts as a training device for developing middle-level and top-level managers. However, promotions restrict the field of selection preventing fresh blood amp; ideas from entering the organization. It also leads to inbreeding in the organization. Transfers are also important in providing employees with a broad-based view of the organization, necessary for future promotions. * Employee referrals- Employees can develop good prospects for their families and friends by acquainting them with the advantages of a job with the company, furnishing them with introduction and encouraging them to apply. This is a very effective means as many qualified people can be reached at a very low cost to the company. The other advantages are that the employees would bring only those referrals that they feel would be able to fit in the organization based on their own experience. The organization can be assured of the reliability and the character of the referrals. In this way, the organization can also fulfill social obligations and create goodwill. * Former Employees- These include retired employees who are willing to work on a part-time basis, individuals who left work and are willing to come back for higher compensations. Even retrenched employees are taken up once again. The advantage here is that the people are already known to the organization and there is no need to find out their past performance and character. Also, there is no need of an orientation programme for them, since they are familiar with the organization. * Dependents of deceased employees- Usually, banks follow this policy. If an employee dies, his / her spouse or son or daughter is recruited in their place. This is usually an effective way to fulfill social obligation and create goodwill. * Recalls: When management faces a problem, which can be solved only by a manager who has proceeded on long leave, it may de decided to recall that persons after the problem is solved, his leave may be extended. * Retirements: At times, management may not find suitable candidates in place of the one who had retired, after meritorious service. Under the circumstances, management may decide to call retired managers with new extension. * Internal notification (advertisement): Sometimes, management issues an internal notification for the benefit of existing employees. Most employees know from their own experience about the requirement of the job and what sort of person the company is looking for. Often employees have friends or acquaintances who meet these requirements. Suitable persons are appointed at the vacant posts. II) External Recruitment – External recruitment seeks applicants for positions from sources outside the company. They have outnumbered the internal methods. The various ex ternal sources include * Professional or Trade Associations :- Many associations provide placement service to its members. It consists of compiling job seeker’s lists and providing access to members during regional or national conventions. Also, the publications of these associations carry classified advertisements from employers interested in recruiting their members. These are particularly useful for attracting highly educated, experienced or skilled personnel. Also, the recruiters can zero on in specific job seekers, especially for hard-to-fill technical posts. Advertisements :- It is a popular method of seeking recruits, as many recruiters prefer advertisements because of their wide reach. Want ads describe the job benefits, identify the employer and tell those interested how to apply. Newspaper is the most common medium but for highly specialized recruits, advertisements may be placed in professional or business journals. Advertisements must contain proper information li ke the job content, working conditions, location of job, compensation including fringe benefits, job specifications, growth aspects, etc. The advertisement has to sell the idea that the company and job are perfect for the candidate. Recruitment advertisements can also serve as corporate advertisements to build company’ image. It also cost effective. * Employment Exchanges:- Employment Exchanges have been set up all over the country in deference to the provision of the Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959. The Act applies to all industrial establishments having 25 workers or more each. The Act requires all the industrial establishments to notify the vacancies before they are filled. The major functions of the exchanges are to increase the pool of possible applicants and to do the preliminary screening. Thus, employment exchanges act as a link between the employers and the prospective employees. These offices are particularly useful to in recruiting blue-collar, white collar and technical workers. * Campus Recruitments:- Colleges, universities, research laboratories, sports fields and institutes are fertile ground for recruiters, particularly the institutes. Campus Recruitment is going global with companies like HLL, Citibank, HCL-HP, ANZ Grindlays, Lamp;T, Motorola and Reliance looking for global markets. Some companies recruit a given number of candidates from these institutes every year. Campus recruitment is so much sought after that each college; university department or institute will have a placement officer to handle recruitment functions. However, it is often an expensive process, even if recruiting process produces job offers and acceptances eventually. A majority leave the organization within the first five years of their employment. Yet, it is a major source of recruitment for prestigious companies. * Walk-ins, Write-ins and Talk-ins- The most common and least expensive approach for candidates is direct applications, in which job seekers submit unsolicited application letters or resumes. Direct applications can also provide a pool of potential employees to meet future needs. From employees’ viewpoint, walk-ins are preferable as they are free from the hassles associated with other methods of recruitment. While direct applications are particularly effective in filling entry-level and unskilled vacancies, some organizations compile pools of potential employees from direct applications for skilled positions. Write-ins are those who send written enquiries. These jobseekers are asked to complete application forms for further processing. Talk-ins involves the job aspirants meeting the recruiter (on an appropriated date) for detailed talks. No application is required to be submitted to the recruiter. * Contractors:- They are used to recruit casual workers. The names of the workers are not entered in the company records and, to this extent; difficulties experienced in maintaining permanent workers are avoided. * Consultants:- They are in the profession for recruiting and selecting managerial and executive personnel. They are useful as they have nationwide contacts and lend professionalism to the hiring process. They also keep prospective employer and employee anonymous. However, the cost can be a deterrent factor. * Head Hunters:- They are useful in specialized and skilled candidate working in a particular company. An agent is sent to represent the recruiting company and offer is made to the candidate. This is a useful source when both the companies involved are in the same field, and the employee is reluctant to take the offer since he fears, that his company is testing his loyalty. * Radio, Television and Internet:- Radio and television are used to reach certain types of job applicants such as skilled workers. Radio and television are used but sparingly, and that too, by government departments only. Companies in the private sector are hesitant to use the media because of high costs and also because they fear that such advertising will make the companies look desperate and damage their conservative image. However, there is nothing inherently desperate about using radio and television. It depends upon what is said and how it is delivered. Internet is becoming a popular option for recruitment today. There are specialized sites like naukri. com. Also, websites of companies have a separate section wherein; aspirants can submit their resumes and applications. This provides a wider reach. * Competitors:- This method is popularly known as â€Å"poaching† or â€Å"raiding† which involves identifying the right people in rival companies, offering them better terms and lur

Historical Cause and Effects

Historical Cause and Effects Person’s name: Nelson Mandela Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Historical Cause and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Person’s name: Commodore Perry Person’s name: Pope Leo X Person’s name: Cortez Combined: Nelson Mandela, Pope Leo X, Commodore Perry, and cortex The prohibition of marriages Act was first passed in South Africa in 1949. This Act prohibits marriages between people of different races. Marriages between people of different races was termed illegal and had to be discouraged through the introduction of the Act. Before the enactment of the Act mixed marriages had already declined to about 0.23% of all the marriages in the country. The Act latter became effective in all African countries which still exist in some countries. After the election of P.W. Botha, as president the Act was repealed (Marryat, 50).Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Instead of the Act bringing people together, it led to an increase in the levels of discrimination witnessed between the white and other races. The African could be seen as inferior to the whites and were denied equal opportunities as those given to the whites. People lived according to their cultures which they were not ready to let go. This further increased the disparity that existed between races leading to more discrimination. President P.W Both played a crucial role in demolishing the Act. He saw it as a hindrance to economic growth and development since people would find it difficult to work together with people from different races. Today, the Act has lost its significance and people have started intermarrying. This has resulted to a decline in the levels of discrimination which in turn has led to economic development in Africa. People are now free to marry publically from a person of their choice i rrespective of their ethnicity or race. Prison on Robben Island in Africa Robben Island has been a home for thousands of people for many years. However, since early seventh century, Robben Island has for most of the time been used as a prison. It is also used as a hospital, and a training station for the defense force. According to Marryat (97), the first people to be imprisoned in Robben Island prison were the first president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Robert Sobukwe, and other activists. In early 19th century, Robben Island acted as a hospital since it was seen as a secure place with a good environment for treating diseases. It was used as a hospital for treating leprosy and chronic diseases which was ineffective due to the in availability of cure. It therefore acted as a kind of prison even for the mentally ill and those suffering from leprosy since it would take a very long period of time before they fully recovered. Towards the end of the 20th century (1997 to be precise) Robben Island was used as a heritage site as well as a museum. Today, the museum takes center stage in the country’s heritage. It has become a tourism site that attracts hundreds of people from all over the world.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Historical Cause and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fact that, it acted as the prison for most activists including president Nelson Mandela, has made it a dynamic museum where educational programs are run as well as research. It earns the country huge amounts of foreign exchange which have contributed to economic growth and development for the country. The Great Schism in Europe The Great Schism refers to the rift that was formed in the Catholic Church in the 17th century A.D. This marked the start of the separation that exists between the Roman Catholic and the Greek Catholic. Before the separation, the Catholic Church was ruled by five patriarchs eac h of the governing a patriarchate. These patriarchates were found in Rome, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria. Those in Rome spoke in Latin whereas the others spoke Greek since they were located in the East. Later the Emperor, Constantine, had the desire of creating an empire and moved the Christian empire to Byzantium. This was the time when the Germanic tribes began their invasion across Europe which plunged Europe into Dark Ages. There was economic, geographical, political interference that eventually resulted into the rift (the Great Schism) between the East and the West. The Western theologians could not speak Greek and therefore they were not able to read the books written by the eastern theologians. They had to write their own books in Latin since majority of the theologians were from the east. The Greek language was more flexible than the Latin which made writing easy and more expressive. Due to the inflexibility of the Latin language, there was a decline in the literacy for cing the clergy to act as the main teaching authority. This resulted into more differences which aggravated the tension between the East and the West. In the west, new Christians had to use Latin as their ecclesiastical language, and look for leadership from Rome (Gstohl 3). On the other hand, new Christians in the East were able to read in their mother language since the missionaries translated the bible into different languages. More churches grew in the East which were independent of their mother church and were administered and governed separately. All clergy in the west were required by Rome to be celibate whereas the East allowed them to marry.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effects of the Great schism are still felt today. It marked the beginning of the Protestant churches which are different from the Roman Catholic Church. Even today, clergy from the Roman church are not allowed to marry whereas the protestant clergy are encouraged to marry. The Reformation in Europe The European reformation occurred in the 16th century. It can be considered as one of the major historical events to have ever occurred in the world. Through the reformation, the bible was discovered which is now accessible in almost all languages. Before the reformation, there was no freedom regarding principle of religion, the rule of law, liberty, and separation of powers. It was through the European reformation that all these was achieved and continue to be enjoyed today. The early reformers fought for religious principles regarding the scriptures as being the only form of authority, and Christ being the head of the church (Gstohl 2) The reformation was seen as the only way of doi ng away with the irreligious acts that were practiced by the clergy. The church had become corrupt and allowed worldly practices which were also practiced by the clergy in the name of religion. They had a strong desire to rule the church and all its followers and be seen as men with authority. This disheartened many people who started crying for a reformation. The reformers were determined to change the moral lives of the followers especially the clergy and would not leave any stone unturned. Popes had forgotten their role in church and the only way to get them on tract was through a reformation (Ronald 4) The European reformation freed many governments from the authority laid by the popes and was able to make their own decisions. Peasants were also freed from paying taxes and countries such as England, were able to exercise their authority without the church interfering (Gstohl 3). The European reformation gave birth to the protestant movement which respected the bible and its auth ority. Church’s authority declined and people were able to live their lives as they pleased. was it not for the reformation, the Roman church would now be a den of robbers with the clergy trying to control everyone for their own benefits but not that of the church. European diseases in the early Americas When Europeans came to North America in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, they entered new territory, not only in terms of geography, but also in terms of culture, society, religion, technology and economics. Lacking information, they made a number of critical miscalculations about the New World. Many settlers assumed the climate would be similar to that of Europe at the same latitudes, but the differences between climates and ecologies of New England and Southern France, for instance, became apparent. As it turned out, the harsh winters and hot summers of eastern North America proved to be far more challenging than the early settlers had anticipated (Ronald 4). The foo ting of Europeans on the new continent was tenuous at first. Some of the European settlers, relying on incomplete, inaccurate or downright false information about the New World, brought with them crops that were difficult or impossible to grow where they landed, a factor that contributed to the high death rate among the early settlers. The Europeans were not able to withstand the harsh weather and as a result, they contacted many diseases among them being typhoid, and malaria. This later spread to the North American especially the ones living in the east where the where there was a bigger population of the Europeans. These diseases spread like fire and consumed a lot of time and money to treat while researchers looked for ways of preventing them. Commodore Perry’s Black Ships in Asia The black ships refer to the Japanese ships that arrived in the 15th to the 19th century. Commodore Matthew Perry went on a pilgrimage by ship to Japan in 1853 to introduce the importance of trad e to this isolated country of Japan. While Perry explored Japan, realistic paintings were fashioned on canvas showing the American point of view. During the same time period, an unknown Japanese artist sketched his ideas of the events that transpired while the U.S. Navy explored Edo and other sections of Japan. Two artists contributed to the understanding of the epic mission by the U.S. into Japan. The then US leader (Perry) advocated for scientific invention (Ronald 7). In 1954, the treaty between Commodore Mathew C. Perry and the Tokugawa shogunate opened ports in Japan that made trade easy between the Japanese and the U.S. sailors. However, it did not establish permanent residence except the one in Shimoda. United States Imperialism in Latin America At the beginning of the Great Depression, the United States troops were sent to explore Latin American for more than thirty times. These troops used the Roosevelt Corollary to justify their intervention to the Latin Ameriacan because they could not find any other excuse. The United States perceived itself as a civilized nation which had the right to intervene in other western countries for the purpose of stopping wrongdoing. Police power was used among the Latin Americans since they involved themselves in â€Å"chronic wrongdoing† which had to be put to an end. The imperialism of the U.S in Latin America changed the political, economic, and social stability of the country. Economic expansion was witnessed in major sectors and this was made easy by the introduction of the policy referred to as â€Å"the dollar diplomacy†. Through this policy, businesses in America and in other countries were protected resulting in economic development. Former governor of the Phillippines, William Howard Taft was behind the dollar diplomacy policy which he used to protect the American investments. The U.S imperialism marked the beginning of economic prosperity in the western countries which is still evident today. Th ese countries are the most developed nations in the world both economically and financially. Gstohl, Mark. The Magisterial Reformation. Theological Perspectives of the Reformation, 2004. Web. Marryat, Frederick. The Mission; or Scenes in Africa, 2001. London: Nick Hodson. Ronald Segal. The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience outside Africa, 1995. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Wellness Promotion Project. Assessment of the Utica-Rome, NY community Essay

Wellness Promotion Project. Assessment of the Utica-Rome, NY community - Essay Example Assessment of the Utica-Rome, NY community A later Gallup poll in USA Today puts the Utica-Rome region fourth in a standing of urban communities where individuals have the most heart strike. The main poll puts that stacked up progressively at danger were the Huntington-Ashland region in West Virginia; the Davenport-Moline Rock Island in Iowa and Fort Smith in Arkansas. The study discovered that expansive amounts of individuals here are corpulent, and smoke, however that yet little numbers practice customarily. A nearby interventional cardiologist says that patients he sees in his office don't repudiate those discoveries, however he additionally sees numerous sound patients in their 90s since they settle on solid life decisions. That's the focus needed to drive home, that you have a say in which sort of fact you come to be. Coronary illness is a preventable infection and you can change your result. You can change the detail. It's not a miserable try. Individuals can have an enormous e ffect and we need to truly change. Practice is vital, however how we consume, what we consume is as well. Literature Review The Gallup Study First of all, what is the Gallup poll? For more than 70 years, Gallup has built its reputation on delivering relevant, timely, and visionary research on what humans around the world think and feel. Using impeccable data, our advisers assist leaders  in  identifying and monitoring critical economic and behavioral indicators that are vital to their strategic plans. The study discovered that the occurrence of high circulatory strain in the Utica-Rome range was higher than the national normal. The study additionally said that about a full third of individuals in the region are corpulent, and more than a quarter, smoke (Ships, 2013). Heart illness, which causes heart strike, is the heading explanation for expiration in the United States. More than 700,000 Americans show some kindness assault every year. As per the Gallup-Healthways twelve-month well-being study, a few US metropolitan locales have much higher rates of heart strike than whatever is left of the nation. Broadly, an expected 4% of American mature people reported surviving a heart assault. Occupants of Utica-Rome, NY metropolitan locale were more than twice as liable to endure the same destiny (Mendez, 2013). In view of Gallup and Healthways information for US metropolitan factual ranges, 24/7 Wall St. audited the urban areas with the most noteworthy rates of heart ambushes. Managing director of Gallup.com said that by and large, occupants living in metro zones with high rates of heart strike likewise battle progressively with incessant health issues like high circulatory strain, heftiness, and diabetes. In Utica-Rome, NY, the top district in the nation for heart ambushes, an expected 43.3% of overviewed grown-ups reported experiencing high circulatory strain, compared to only 27.6% of grown-ups across the nation. The territory was additionally in the top five f or high cholesterol and stoutness (Mendez, 2013). Mendes clarified that Gallup has noted a relationship between low income and weakness, incorporating heart strike. Part of this may have to do with access to quality mind, weakness propensities identified with an absence of training or competitive, solid sustenance. In view of the latest Census information, the majority of the metro regions with the most elevated danger of coronary illness had average family unit incomes beneath the US figure of $50,502. In the meantime, the greater part of the 10 territories with

Advanced financial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced financial Accounting - Assignment Example Auckland Int’l Airport handles almost 70% of the international traffic or 13 million passengers annually for New Zealand. (Auckland International Airport, 2013). For this financial analysis, Annual Financial Filings for last three years (FY2012, 2011 and 2010) have been used. These are available on company website http://www.aucklandairport.co.nz. Summarized 3 year financial reports are provided in Appendix 1. Deloitte is the independent auditor for Auckland International Airport. Deloitte in the Audit report mentions that they conduct these audits based on International Standards on Auditing and International Standards on Auditing (New Zealand) and that it is the responsibility of the Company (Auckland International Airport) to prepare and consolidate these reports. In the Annual report of 2012 (Auckland International Airport Ltd., 2012), The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with NZ GAAP standards. However, the auditors certify that these reports comply with NZ IFRS and other applicable Financial Report Standards, such as IFRS, appropriate for profit-oriented entities. The Company treats cash as Current Assets in accordance with generally accepted good accounting practices. Discussion on this item is relevant to Balance Sheet and Cash Flow statement. The company explains the definition of cash in Note 2h (Auckland International Airport Ltd., 2012, p. 49) as follows: â€Å"Cash in the balance sheet comprises cash on hand, on-call deposits held with banks and short-term highly liquid investments. For the purposes of the cash flow statement, cash consists of cash as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts.† According to Note 2j (2012, p. 49), an estimate of impairment for uncollectible amounts is made where there is objective evidence that collection of the full amount is no longer probable. Bad debts are written off when

Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact

Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Seas and oceans traditionally used by us to have all the source of rich, opportunity and abundance. The vast area of it has given us the aspiration either to use or to abuse it.   Most of the countries in this world are connected with sea and ocean, which make the line of communication and transportation easily done through it.   Many years ago while air transportation is impossible, transportation through land could take a month to reach. Sea and ocean line was used heavily either for trade, communication or expanding the power beyond the borders.   The increasing awareness by us has changed the point of view that the feel of appreciation which not only in a sense of importance for economy and social, but also in a sense of security.   Maritime security and safety issues are major and hot topics nowadays.   It is spoken all over the world, especially in this modern and globalise era where crime has no longer a matter of a single country but a matter concerning everybody.   It is borderless and at any time can happen anywhere.   Because of the large maritime area, this crime is very difficult to contain particularly in the area where the enforcement is less due to lack of security assets.   This situation worries the country, especially those are depending directly to the sea as a source of development. Maritime threats have existed ever since commerce went to sea.   Now, its just in what capacity and in what dimension.   Threat to maritime in aspect of maritime security and safety can be from any kind such as piracy, sea robbery, human trafficking, smuggling and others, which cover up to sea pollution.   Malaysias total sea area of 614,159 square kilometres is almost twice its landmass and the size of itsExclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) alone is 453,186 square kilometres.   An estimated 70 percent of the population lives along 4,800 kilometres of coastline area, which have rich ecosystem and biodiversity.]With these unique backgrounds, it has offered tremendous economic value and prospects to Malaysia.   Major economic activities are offshore petroleum, marine transport, marine tourism, fisheries and aquaculture. As a maritime nation, Malaysia is a party to a number of international conventions dealing with marine pollution, which laid down important rules to be followed by s tate parties to prevent and control marine pollution.   Some reports have concluded that the quality of marine environment and life in our country is showing signs of decline.According to Oxford Dictionary (7th edition) environmental issues can best define with something connected to natural conditions that affect behaviour and development of something.   To be more precise, environmental issues are negative aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment.   Few examples of maritime environmental issues are conservation, environmental degradation, environmental health, nanotechnology, nuclear issues, water pollution, air pollution and resource depletion.   To explain further, the definitions of environmental issues in law perspective as follows: Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, or biological properties of any part of the environment by discharging, emitting, or depositing environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes so as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to plants or to cause a contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction. Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) is one of the maritime agencies in Malaysia which one of the roles and functions is to safeguard our national interest.   Hence, theroles and functions are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons.   In connection to maritime environmental issues, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia.   At the forefront of these values are respect for the environment and a growing need to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods and that the environment is preserved for future generations. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT With the current capabilities and ageing of warships, RMN has a bigger issues to adhere to the rules and regulations with regards to environmental friendly and thus will affect the conduct of RMN Operations.Indeed there are inventions of new environmental friendly technologies and of course will increase operational efficiency, but due to the limited budget on national defence sector, RMN is to wisely maintain its own asset and at the same time parallel to environmental issue requirements. 1.3 OBJECTIVE S The objectives of this study as follows: To examine the relationship between Naval Operations and maritime environmental issues. To determine what is the negative factor contributes by RMN warships in relations to maritime environmental issues. To determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations isconstrainedby the current environmental policy and legislation. To suggest solutions towards the environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY RMN warships are not much different with any commercial vessel and thus should comply withenvironmental regulations such as the Environment Quality Act 1974.   Due to the integrity, RMN should set a very good example in complying not only to the act, but to adhere to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and a number of international maritime environmental conventions in order to portray a good image to the public.   RMN warships should be able to operate without restriction in ports or open seas.   Due to some intensive measures on environmental issues, there aresome restrictions and constraint on naval activity with regards to ships design and conduct of operations.   Hence, the study should be able to determine the best solution for win-win situation. 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature of the research mainly based on environmental thesis papers,which havebeen done by scholars as a reference.   Generally, the literature addresses Malaysias environmental qualities, environmental justice and common public attitudes towards the environment.   It is further discussed about policies, practices and Malaysias commitment to international agreements which to be scrutinized.   The literature as well as provides information with regards to consequences of the fast track style of development on our natural resources, health, quality of life and ecosystems. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The preparation of this research paper is based on the secondary data,mainly from books and other published articles.   Most of the material from military references are classified Restricted.   Therefore, limits the research on the subject matter. Time constrained is the biggest setback and hindered a more commendable study of the existing issues. 1.7 METHOD AND SOURCES The primary method will be through literature research.   Therefore, the sources will be published books and journal articles spanning the subject areas of Malaysia Environment Issues and RMN Operations.   Newspaper articles, speeches by relevant personalities and interviews will also be sought after.   Information will also be extracted from official governmental or organisation websites. 1.8 CHAPTER OUTLINE The paper will be organised into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1 : Introduction . This chapter is the introduction of the subject and layout of the paper. Chapter 2 : Maritime Operations .   This chapter will elaborate the concept and conduct of Naval Operations focusing on the RMN. Chapter 3 : Existing Maritime Environmental Issues and Degree of RMN Compliance .   This chapter examines a series of environmental issues, related to shipping design and operation.Its further discuss the degree of compliance for each issue, against existing environmental legislation and regulations. Chapter 4 : Impacts to RMN .   This chapter will discuss the impact on RMN current operations and to determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. Chapter 5 : Conclusion .   This chapter includes a discussion on the possible outcomes and to suggest solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. CHAPTER 2 MARITIME OPERATIONS 2.1 INTRODUCTION During the course of recorded history, mankind has perpetually looked towards the sea as a provider of nourishment, as a channel for trade and for the migration of people, culture or idea. The last three millennia has witnessed the development of maritime craft from simple design to the fully computerised ships of the modern day era.   In relation to safe guard maritime national security, warship has been designed and developed as a symbol of supremacy and struggle for control of the seas and trade influence in faraway lands.   Warships have been instruments of both good and evil and have influenced the evolution of mankind.   As a maritime nation, Malaysia is not excluded in enhancing and developing its naval capabilities.   Located at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the sea are seen as an increasingly important factor in the economic and security aspect of this country. The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) started from humble beginnings with a rudimentary naval force of coal burning launches and small coastal patrol boats during the colonial time.   Today, the RMN fleet comprises an assortment of modern warships, submarines and naval helicopters armed with state of the art command, control, communication, computers and information (C4I) armed with long-range guided missiles and protected by the most modern electronic warfare systems.   This has completed the metamorphosis of RMN from the coastal Brown Water Navy into a Blue Water Navy, a modern armada. In order to parallel with its vision ‘To be a World Class Navy (Always Excellent), RMN have to be a committed organisation, competent, forward looking, strive for quality and always seek for continuous improvement in managing its own source and technology.   Presently, the roles of the RMN are two-fold; during wartime, the RMN is to ensure the maritime sovereignty of Malaysia while during peacetime, its role is to protect the nations maritime interest that included Malaysias offshore resources, especially oil and gas, shipping and fishing. Since environmental issues are a major challenge and concern throughout the world, the RMN has to develop its operations toward supporting the environmental friendly. 2.2 NAVAL OPERATIONS Naval operations will be the largest contributor toward the maritime environmental issues if it is not being tackled well.   To narrow down the scope of this research, the focus and discussions will be towards the RMN operations.   Every naval exercise always associated with the universal role known as ‘The Trinity of Naval Functions (Figure 2.1) namely military, constabulary and diplomacy.   The first role is the military which is to enforce of state sovereignty and defend the national jurisdictions in the sea by way of control and deterrence at sea.   Secondly is constabulary roles, the navy carried this to enforce the security and law to protect marine resources and the national marine wealth, to maintain order at sea and to support the national development.   The third role is diplomacy. Naval forces are the visible mobile and potent symbols of the nation state and such are the useful instruments of foreign policy.   These roles and functions are the bread and b utter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons. 2.3 MARITIME WARFARE AREAS Malaysia as a maritime nation is the facts that cant be argued about.   The sea area is larger than the land mass and a unique feature of being a country split by an ocean supporting the facts.   Malaysia is divided by the South China Sea into two main land masses namely the Peninsular Malaysia on the western side and Sabah and Sarawak on the eastern side.   These two land masses are being separated by more than 1000 kilometres of navigable waters.   Malaysia and the nations of the region are reliant on the sea for transportation; they draw greatly on the maritime environment for living and mineral resources.   Maritime forces have significant access and control in our region.Thus, Malaysia requires maritime forces able of curb the challenges of our strategic geographical conditions. The RMN is essentially responsible for protecting Malaysias maritime interest.   To meet these tasks, the RMN is provided with various assets ranging from old and obsolete patrol craft to the most modern and highly sophisticated state of the art frigates and corvettes capable of carrying out all the four dimensions of naval warfare, namely surface, sub-surface, air and electronic warfare. 2.3.1 Anti Surface Warfare ( ASu W ) The main dimension of Naval Operations is ASuW defined as follows: The actions necessary to detect, identify and counter an adversarys surface capability.   ASuW operations, which may include sea control and sea denial operations, disruption of Sea Lane of Communications (SLOCs), defence offriendly forces from surface attack, or a combination of all, seek toensure that the necessaryaction are conducted in a timely fashion, denying any adversary the ability to employ forces in an effective manner. Thus, freedom of manoeuvre and able to sustain long period of operations is the major requirements for the RMN warships. 2.3.2 Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) In order to counter subsurface threat, RMN warships must be able to detect the enemy using any available sensors.   Therefore to locate a submarine requires a very hectic and thorough procedure which this will requires warships to stay longer at operational area.   The elements of ASW as follows: ASW comprises operations with the intention of denying the opponent the effective use of submarines.   The ASW protection of a force depends on defence in depth and close coordination between ships, helicopters, Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA), shore-based facilities and friendly submarines.   The complexity of such coordination and the special environmental factor involved makes the submarine threat one of the most difficult problems to counter. 2.3.3 Anti Air Warfare (AAW) Warships are vulnerable once detected at the open sea, therefore it exposed to be attacked, AAW in the maritime situation required fast reactionof its sensors and personnel, in order to counter the threat.   The purpose of AAW is defined as: Is the term used for the defence of friendly forces against the threat of aircraft and airborne weapon, whether launched from air, surface, or submarine platforms.   AAW is the maritime term for defensive counter air operations and is part of the joint air defence system.   AAW is based on the principle of defence in depth and layered defence, defeating air attacks at the maximum possible distance from maritime forces 2.3.4 Electronic Warfare (EW) In EW, an electromagnetic and acoustic spectrum is being exploited as to integrate to the various warfare areas, such as AAW, ASUW and ASW.   Warships and aircraft are equipped with a variety of systems that utiliseor exploit the electromagnetic and acoustic spectrums in order to give early information on enemy position [24] and activities. 2.4 RMN IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Being a small navy, the RMN needs to evolve to remain relevant.   It has to create a credible force encompassing an integrated system of ships, aircraft, submarines and well trained personnel, but resource are increasingly scarce.   To stay ahead, the RMN has to do more with less.   In other words, one of the RMN challenges is to stay ahead by achieving improvement through the application of creative and innovative solutions and making all round improvements continuously.   The other challenges are the need to adopt technological advancement, continuous upgrading of the existing fleet to ensure the highest state of readiness and effectiveness and achieving synergy in the future warfare scenario.   The procurement of new technologies and upgrading of its asset must parallel with the environmental friendly requirements. In 1994, the EarthCheck Global Standard was established by the travel and tourism industry to provide a mechanism for the promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism.   It is also demonstrating a commitment towards environmental and social responsibilities, better environmental risk management procedures and asset protection.   With the current awareness towards meeting the growing environmental requirement for compliance, RMN has started with KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI as a pioneer.   The bold action by the RMN is influences by following factors: The RMN ships will acknowledge as no different than other commercial vessels and thus its will bind to the same rules and regulations. Environmental issues are currently complex and need special attention and requiring effective and flexible long-range planning. It is difficult to forecast the environmental requirement due to ageing if warships in order to develop appropriate responses. The international community is increasingly applying a coordinated global approach to foster marine environmental issues.   Thus, the RMN should portray a good image in addressing the problem a pro-active way. Strict rules and regulations in controlling the marine pollution are now being implemented in coastal areas and also being expanded on the high seas. The RMN approaches toward environmental friendly warships is unable to meet the complex challenges of environmental compliance.   More strategic and forward-looking plan for future ships is to be implemented. The RMN approach toward environmental friendly warships is eventually costly and may sometimes endanger the health of service personnel as well as operational effectiveness. A better environmental compliant warship design is much more significant due to the good return of investment in operational and cost benefits.   It will not have to rely on shore support for waste management. Apart from these commitments, warships basically having the privileges of sovereign immunity and special exemption as discuss below. Complete exemption of warships and other ships owned or operated by a State and used only on government non-commercial service from the application of the convention so far as both main rules and enforcement provision are concerned. Having said that, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia, thus naval operations are properly planned as to suite the environmental stewardship in order to preserve it for future generations and therefore,will give the RMN a fine record.   It appears that there were operational benefits from sound environmental practices and the RMN is slowly to adopt this concept.   2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusions Maritime Operations is a challenging business.   Having a vast area of operations with a multi faceted of the threat, the RMN continuously been challenged by the new development such as the rise of non-traditional maritime security issues and the complexity of maritime environmental issues.   Maritime operations, parallel with environmental issues will provide a better solution in managing the maritime security issues.   In another case, it will give some operational benefit to the RMN since every item onboard has been well maintained and the operational requirementsare easily tackled. Apart from having the special privileges and immunity of warships, the RMN should not take this advantage to take part as one of the environmental non-compliance conducts.   As to progress toward environmental stewardship, the RMN therefore should act like no different than international ocean shipping, which binds to the rules and regulations as to uphold the community values of Malaysia. CHAPTER 3 EXISTING MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DEGREE OF RMN COMPLIANCE 3.1 INTRODUCTION The RMN warship is no different than other international oceans shipping all over the world; more or less it would contribute to the effect of the environmental issues.   Most studies have found that the international ocean shipping industry accounts for roughly three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.   This means that if the ocean shipping industry were a country, it would rank seventh in the world in emissions.   Its shows that more or less ocean shipping industry contributed to environmental problems, hence warships are not excluded.   Even though warship has been thoroughly design, but it still contributes to some extend the environmental effect while doing their operational task.   As we go through our daily life, which is increasingly becoming fast paced and hectic, only a few of us take a time out to look around and notice the devastating effects of modem civilization on the environment.   The environment has to sustain not only the basic human needs for survival but also the conversion of raw materials into goods and services. Ensure continuous improvement in the productivity and quality of the environment while pursuing economic growth and human development. Ensure the highest commitment to environmental protection and accountability by all decision makers in the public and private sectors, resource users, non-governmental organisations and the general public, in formulating, planning and implementing their activities. Based on above principles in Malaysia National Policy on the Environment, the RMN is yet to adopt this principle officially because the negative aspect to the environment is very minute, but in a long term period the effect will slowly affect the environment, and this will de discuss further in following paragraph.   Therefore, planning and implementing activities from designing of warships to the way executioner part of the operations are to be monitored and suit to the highest commitment of environmental protection. Malaysia has a sound and viable National Environmental Policy and adequate legal regime to cope with challenges of the present day marine pollution issues   The protection of the marine environment and degree of the RMN compliance were based on Environmental Quality Act 1974, Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Oil Pollution Act 1994, Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 and Fisheries Act 1985. 3.2 RELATED MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Threats to the environment are an increasing concern for states, societies and the international community. In relations to naval operations, below are the related maritime environmental issue which more or less hascontributed to the emerging problems. 3.2.1 Water Pollution Water pollution may be less conspicuous than the solid waste pollution, but it is probably even more dangerous.   This is partly because a wider range of harmful chemicals falls in this category and partly because it is more mobile as compared to the solid waste materials.   With regard to marine environmental issues, liquid pollutants are generated from ships and offshore installations.   Liquids are simply dumped into the oceans without any treatment.   One of the most common liquid wastes is sewage.   In many cases sewage is discharged to the sea without any treatment, which will create disease producing bacteria thus the plant and animal life in it cannot survive and the water becomes anoxic or lifeless. 3.2.2 Air Pollution and Degradation of the Atmosphere Air pollution is one of the toxic forms that affect the environment.   Air, by far, is the most important aspect to human life.Air pollution and air quality has become a huge topic in the world today.   The air quality is different depending on your location where about.   For examples, Los Angeles is very smoggy and has poor quality versus the forests of Brazil that have very clean air, meanwhile Kuala Lumpur is experiencing seasonal haze from month of July to October every year.   Polluting the air with any kind of foreignmaterial such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, chlorine, chloroform, chlorinedioxide and making environment dangerous to live for living species is called air pollution. Air pollution is actually the accumulation of any unsafe substances to the atmosphere, which causes the destructive of the environment, human health and the quality of life.   The increasing of shipping industries has increased in air pollution and even though ships are operating far from land, more or less it has contributed to the increase in the death rates resulting from various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollution does not only affect people, but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animals are harmed as well. Air pollution has reached such a critical stage where it affects the earths atmosphere as it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise in temperature, which scientists refer to as ‘global warming.   Pursuant to this rise i n temperature the world food supply and sea level will be affected, also there is the probability of the increase in the tropical disease. Air pollution also has a dramatic effect on natural resources.   Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and rivers perform many important services for Earths environment.   They enhance water and air quality, provide habitat for plants and animals, and provide food and medicines. Any or all of these ecosystem functions may be impaired or destroyed by air pollution.   Moreover, because of the complex relationships among the many types of organisms and ecosystems, environmental contamination may have far-reaching consequences that are not immediately obvious or that are difficult to predict. 3.2.3 Global Warming The excessive production of Carbon dioxide to the environment is one of the factors that have affected the ozone layer.Thus it willprevent some amount of solar energy from being radiated back to space. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming.Among the industrialized countries, USA, Russia, Japan and France are the largest contributors to this menace.USA alone accounts for 42% of the total carbon dioxide emission all over the wor1d.Most countries in this region like Malaysia and Indonesia are rapidly approaching the emission levels recorded.As of now a rise of average atmospheric temperature has been reported over the past 75 years and is likely to continue into the next century. Global warming has resulted in shrinking of glaciers and ice sheets; a rise of 6 to 37inches in the mean sea level is predicted by the year 2100.Low lying countries within this region such as Bangladesh and Indonesia risk getting submerged by the rising sea levels. Glob al warming will aggravate the water crisis in summer months. It would also lead to expansion of geographical range of tropical pests and will increase the chances of forest fires. 3.2.4 Ozone Depletions The stratospheric ozone layer existing between altitudes of 12 to 35 kilometres is considered as a protective shield or an umbrella for the earth because it prevents the ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth.In the absence of this layer, no life would be possible because the sun rays would raise the temperature of the lower atmosphere making the earth a blast furnace. The importance of the ozone layer came to light in 1985 when a hole was detected over Antarctica.Chloro Flouro Carbons or CFCs are the group of the gases, which are largely responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. These synthetic chemicals are widely used as propellants in spray cans, air conditions and refrigerators. Thus CFCs in addition to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are termed as greenhouse gases as they all contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition to this, Ozone layer depletion has caused a definite rise in the cases of skin cancer it is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that 12% decrease in the ozone layer would cause skin cancer in up to half a million people per annum. 3.2.5 Acid Rain Acid rain is the serious pollution hazard. It causes irreparable damage to agricultural crops, forests, aquatic life and even the human body. It corrodes buildings, pollutes the drinking water and degrades soil. Major sources of sulphur dioxide emission are thermal power plants, crude oil refineries and automobiles, which together account for 50% of the sulphur dioxide pollution.Rainwater of pH less than 5.6 is considered acidic. Emissions of waste gases from industries, vehicle exhausts and power generation are causes of rainwater acidity.When the pH levels of lakes and rivers fall below about 5.5, many species of fish will die, and this in turn is followed by changes in the ecosystem.Acid rain is corrosive to metals such as iron and zinc roof, marble and limestone.Low pH values have been attributed by an increased in industrial activity and large numbers of motor vehicles emitting considerable amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere.Acid rain is detrimental to life and life-support systems. Acidity is measured by hydrogen ion concentration, designated as pH, and is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. A pH value below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.Rain acidity in Peninsular Malaysia is on the rise and the number of areas affected by acid rain is growing. Studies by the Meteorological Service Department exposed that, to date the acid rain is becomingworrying environmental problem. 3.3 BINDING LAWS Most of the international environmental law is based on agreement or treaty.With regard to the protection of the marine environment, Malaysia adheres to a number of international conventions. The treaties are as follows: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. Maritime Pollutions Convention (MARPOL), 73/78. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 1990. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992. Treaties are made to be performed. ‘Pacta sunt servanda or the rule that treaties arebinding on the parties and must be performed in good faith is the fundamental principle of customary international law. This principle has been reaffirmed in Article 26 of theVienna Convention on the law of Treaties 1969, ‘Every treaty in force is binding uponthe parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Therefore, Malaysia is obliged to the binding laws and thus not excluding the RMN in this context. This paper will only discuss one domestic rule and twointernational treaties as to examine and relate the degree of the RMN compliance in environmental issues. 3.3.1 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Act 1984 The Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 is an important Malaysian statute devised to implement certain aspects of the UNCLOS 1982.Part IV of the EEZ Act deals with p Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Seas and oceans traditionally used by us to have all the source of rich, opportunity and abundance. The vast area of it has given us the aspiration either to use or to abuse it.   Most of the countries in this world are connected with sea and ocean, which make the line of communication and transportation easily done through it.   Many years ago while air transportation is impossible, transportation through land could take a month to reach. Sea and ocean line was used heavily either for trade, communication or expanding the power beyond the borders.   The increasing awareness by us has changed the point of view that the feel of appreciation which not only in a sense of importance for economy and social, but also in a sense of security.   Maritime security and safety issues are major and hot topics nowadays.   It is spoken all over the world, especially in this modern and globalise era where crime has no longer a matter of a single country but a matter concerning everybody.   It is borderless and at any time can happen anywhere.   Because of the large maritime area, this crime is very difficult to contain particularly in the area where the enforcement is less due to lack of security assets.   This situation worries the country, especially those are depending directly to the sea as a source of development. Maritime threats have existed ever since commerce went to sea.   Now, its just in what capacity and in what dimension.   Threat to maritime in aspect of maritime security and safety can be from any kind such as piracy, sea robbery, human trafficking, smuggling and others, which cover up to sea pollution.   Malaysias total sea area of 614,159 square kilometres is almost twice its landmass and the size of itsExclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) alone is 453,186 square kilometres.   An estimated 70 percent of the population lives along 4,800 kilometres of coastline area, which have rich ecosystem and biodiversity.]With these unique backgrounds, it has offered tremendous economic value and prospects to Malaysia.   Major economic activities are offshore petroleum, marine transport, marine tourism, fisheries and aquaculture. As a maritime nation, Malaysia is a party to a number of international conventions dealing with marine pollution, which laid down important rules to be followed by s tate parties to prevent and control marine pollution.   Some reports have concluded that the quality of marine environment and life in our country is showing signs of decline.According to Oxford Dictionary (7th edition) environmental issues can best define with something connected to natural conditions that affect behaviour and development of something.   To be more precise, environmental issues are negative aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment.   Few examples of maritime environmental issues are conservation, environmental degradation, environmental health, nanotechnology, nuclear issues, water pollution, air pollution and resource depletion.   To explain further, the definitions of environmental issues in law perspective as follows: Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, or biological properties of any part of the environment by discharging, emitting, or depositing environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes so as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to plants or to cause a contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction. Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) is one of the maritime agencies in Malaysia which one of the roles and functions is to safeguard our national interest.   Hence, theroles and functions are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons.   In connection to maritime environmental issues, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia.   At the forefront of these values are respect for the environment and a growing need to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods and that the environment is preserved for future generations. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT With the current capabilities and ageing of warships, RMN has a bigger issues to adhere to the rules and regulations with regards to environmental friendly and thus will affect the conduct of RMN Operations.Indeed there are inventions of new environmental friendly technologies and of course will increase operational efficiency, but due to the limited budget on national defence sector, RMN is to wisely maintain its own asset and at the same time parallel to environmental issue requirements. 1.3 OBJECTIVE S The objectives of this study as follows: To examine the relationship between Naval Operations and maritime environmental issues. To determine what is the negative factor contributes by RMN warships in relations to maritime environmental issues. To determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations isconstrainedby the current environmental policy and legislation. To suggest solutions towards the environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY RMN warships are not much different with any commercial vessel and thus should comply withenvironmental regulations such as the Environment Quality Act 1974.   Due to the integrity, RMN should set a very good example in complying not only to the act, but to adhere to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and a number of international maritime environmental conventions in order to portray a good image to the public.   RMN warships should be able to operate without restriction in ports or open seas.   Due to some intensive measures on environmental issues, there aresome restrictions and constraint on naval activity with regards to ships design and conduct of operations.   Hence, the study should be able to determine the best solution for win-win situation. 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature of the research mainly based on environmental thesis papers,which havebeen done by scholars as a reference.   Generally, the literature addresses Malaysias environmental qualities, environmental justice and common public attitudes towards the environment.   It is further discussed about policies, practices and Malaysias commitment to international agreements which to be scrutinized.   The literature as well as provides information with regards to consequences of the fast track style of development on our natural resources, health, quality of life and ecosystems. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The preparation of this research paper is based on the secondary data,mainly from books and other published articles.   Most of the material from military references are classified Restricted.   Therefore, limits the research on the subject matter. Time constrained is the biggest setback and hindered a more commendable study of the existing issues. 1.7 METHOD AND SOURCES The primary method will be through literature research.   Therefore, the sources will be published books and journal articles spanning the subject areas of Malaysia Environment Issues and RMN Operations.   Newspaper articles, speeches by relevant personalities and interviews will also be sought after.   Information will also be extracted from official governmental or organisation websites. 1.8 CHAPTER OUTLINE The paper will be organised into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1 : Introduction . This chapter is the introduction of the subject and layout of the paper. Chapter 2 : Maritime Operations .   This chapter will elaborate the concept and conduct of Naval Operations focusing on the RMN. Chapter 3 : Existing Maritime Environmental Issues and Degree of RMN Compliance .   This chapter examines a series of environmental issues, related to shipping design and operation.Its further discuss the degree of compliance for each issue, against existing environmental legislation and regulations. Chapter 4 : Impacts to RMN .   This chapter will discuss the impact on RMN current operations and to determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. Chapter 5 : Conclusion .   This chapter includes a discussion on the possible outcomes and to suggest solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. CHAPTER 2 MARITIME OPERATIONS 2.1 INTRODUCTION During the course of recorded history, mankind has perpetually looked towards the sea as a provider of nourishment, as a channel for trade and for the migration of people, culture or idea. The last three millennia has witnessed the development of maritime craft from simple design to the fully computerised ships of the modern day era.   In relation to safe guard maritime national security, warship has been designed and developed as a symbol of supremacy and struggle for control of the seas and trade influence in faraway lands.   Warships have been instruments of both good and evil and have influenced the evolution of mankind.   As a maritime nation, Malaysia is not excluded in enhancing and developing its naval capabilities.   Located at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the sea are seen as an increasingly important factor in the economic and security aspect of this country. The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) started from humble beginnings with a rudimentary naval force of coal burning launches and small coastal patrol boats during the colonial time.   Today, the RMN fleet comprises an assortment of modern warships, submarines and naval helicopters armed with state of the art command, control, communication, computers and information (C4I) armed with long-range guided missiles and protected by the most modern electronic warfare systems.   This has completed the metamorphosis of RMN from the coastal Brown Water Navy into a Blue Water Navy, a modern armada. In order to parallel with its vision ‘To be a World Class Navy (Always Excellent), RMN have to be a committed organisation, competent, forward looking, strive for quality and always seek for continuous improvement in managing its own source and technology.   Presently, the roles of the RMN are two-fold; during wartime, the RMN is to ensure the maritime sovereignty of Malaysia while during peacetime, its role is to protect the nations maritime interest that included Malaysias offshore resources, especially oil and gas, shipping and fishing. Since environmental issues are a major challenge and concern throughout the world, the RMN has to develop its operations toward supporting the environmental friendly. 2.2 NAVAL OPERATIONS Naval operations will be the largest contributor toward the maritime environmental issues if it is not being tackled well.   To narrow down the scope of this research, the focus and discussions will be towards the RMN operations.   Every naval exercise always associated with the universal role known as ‘The Trinity of Naval Functions (Figure 2.1) namely military, constabulary and diplomacy.   The first role is the military which is to enforce of state sovereignty and defend the national jurisdictions in the sea by way of control and deterrence at sea.   Secondly is constabulary roles, the navy carried this to enforce the security and law to protect marine resources and the national marine wealth, to maintain order at sea and to support the national development.   The third role is diplomacy. Naval forces are the visible mobile and potent symbols of the nation state and such are the useful instruments of foreign policy.   These roles and functions are the bread and b utter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons. 2.3 MARITIME WARFARE AREAS Malaysia as a maritime nation is the facts that cant be argued about.   The sea area is larger than the land mass and a unique feature of being a country split by an ocean supporting the facts.   Malaysia is divided by the South China Sea into two main land masses namely the Peninsular Malaysia on the western side and Sabah and Sarawak on the eastern side.   These two land masses are being separated by more than 1000 kilometres of navigable waters.   Malaysia and the nations of the region are reliant on the sea for transportation; they draw greatly on the maritime environment for living and mineral resources.   Maritime forces have significant access and control in our region.Thus, Malaysia requires maritime forces able of curb the challenges of our strategic geographical conditions. The RMN is essentially responsible for protecting Malaysias maritime interest.   To meet these tasks, the RMN is provided with various assets ranging from old and obsolete patrol craft to the most modern and highly sophisticated state of the art frigates and corvettes capable of carrying out all the four dimensions of naval warfare, namely surface, sub-surface, air and electronic warfare. 2.3.1 Anti Surface Warfare ( ASu W ) The main dimension of Naval Operations is ASuW defined as follows: The actions necessary to detect, identify and counter an adversarys surface capability.   ASuW operations, which may include sea control and sea denial operations, disruption of Sea Lane of Communications (SLOCs), defence offriendly forces from surface attack, or a combination of all, seek toensure that the necessaryaction are conducted in a timely fashion, denying any adversary the ability to employ forces in an effective manner. Thus, freedom of manoeuvre and able to sustain long period of operations is the major requirements for the RMN warships. 2.3.2 Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) In order to counter subsurface threat, RMN warships must be able to detect the enemy using any available sensors.   Therefore to locate a submarine requires a very hectic and thorough procedure which this will requires warships to stay longer at operational area.   The elements of ASW as follows: ASW comprises operations with the intention of denying the opponent the effective use of submarines.   The ASW protection of a force depends on defence in depth and close coordination between ships, helicopters, Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA), shore-based facilities and friendly submarines.   The complexity of such coordination and the special environmental factor involved makes the submarine threat one of the most difficult problems to counter. 2.3.3 Anti Air Warfare (AAW) Warships are vulnerable once detected at the open sea, therefore it exposed to be attacked, AAW in the maritime situation required fast reactionof its sensors and personnel, in order to counter the threat.   The purpose of AAW is defined as: Is the term used for the defence of friendly forces against the threat of aircraft and airborne weapon, whether launched from air, surface, or submarine platforms.   AAW is the maritime term for defensive counter air operations and is part of the joint air defence system.   AAW is based on the principle of defence in depth and layered defence, defeating air attacks at the maximum possible distance from maritime forces 2.3.4 Electronic Warfare (EW) In EW, an electromagnetic and acoustic spectrum is being exploited as to integrate to the various warfare areas, such as AAW, ASUW and ASW.   Warships and aircraft are equipped with a variety of systems that utiliseor exploit the electromagnetic and acoustic spectrums in order to give early information on enemy position [24] and activities. 2.4 RMN IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Being a small navy, the RMN needs to evolve to remain relevant.   It has to create a credible force encompassing an integrated system of ships, aircraft, submarines and well trained personnel, but resource are increasingly scarce.   To stay ahead, the RMN has to do more with less.   In other words, one of the RMN challenges is to stay ahead by achieving improvement through the application of creative and innovative solutions and making all round improvements continuously.   The other challenges are the need to adopt technological advancement, continuous upgrading of the existing fleet to ensure the highest state of readiness and effectiveness and achieving synergy in the future warfare scenario.   The procurement of new technologies and upgrading of its asset must parallel with the environmental friendly requirements. In 1994, the EarthCheck Global Standard was established by the travel and tourism industry to provide a mechanism for the promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism.   It is also demonstrating a commitment towards environmental and social responsibilities, better environmental risk management procedures and asset protection.   With the current awareness towards meeting the growing environmental requirement for compliance, RMN has started with KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI as a pioneer.   The bold action by the RMN is influences by following factors: The RMN ships will acknowledge as no different than other commercial vessels and thus its will bind to the same rules and regulations. Environmental issues are currently complex and need special attention and requiring effective and flexible long-range planning. It is difficult to forecast the environmental requirement due to ageing if warships in order to develop appropriate responses. The international community is increasingly applying a coordinated global approach to foster marine environmental issues.   Thus, the RMN should portray a good image in addressing the problem a pro-active way. Strict rules and regulations in controlling the marine pollution are now being implemented in coastal areas and also being expanded on the high seas. The RMN approaches toward environmental friendly warships is unable to meet the complex challenges of environmental compliance.   More strategic and forward-looking plan for future ships is to be implemented. The RMN approach toward environmental friendly warships is eventually costly and may sometimes endanger the health of service personnel as well as operational effectiveness. A better environmental compliant warship design is much more significant due to the good return of investment in operational and cost benefits.   It will not have to rely on shore support for waste management. Apart from these commitments, warships basically having the privileges of sovereign immunity and special exemption as discuss below. Complete exemption of warships and other ships owned or operated by a State and used only on government non-commercial service from the application of the convention so far as both main rules and enforcement provision are concerned. Having said that, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia, thus naval operations are properly planned as to suite the environmental stewardship in order to preserve it for future generations and therefore,will give the RMN a fine record.   It appears that there were operational benefits from sound environmental practices and the RMN is slowly to adopt this concept.   2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusions Maritime Operations is a challenging business.   Having a vast area of operations with a multi faceted of the threat, the RMN continuously been challenged by the new development such as the rise of non-traditional maritime security issues and the complexity of maritime environmental issues.   Maritime operations, parallel with environmental issues will provide a better solution in managing the maritime security issues.   In another case, it will give some operational benefit to the RMN since every item onboard has been well maintained and the operational requirementsare easily tackled. Apart from having the special privileges and immunity of warships, the RMN should not take this advantage to take part as one of the environmental non-compliance conducts.   As to progress toward environmental stewardship, the RMN therefore should act like no different than international ocean shipping, which binds to the rules and regulations as to uphold the community values of Malaysia. CHAPTER 3 EXISTING MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DEGREE OF RMN COMPLIANCE 3.1 INTRODUCTION The RMN warship is no different than other international oceans shipping all over the world; more or less it would contribute to the effect of the environmental issues.   Most studies have found that the international ocean shipping industry accounts for roughly three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.   This means that if the ocean shipping industry were a country, it would rank seventh in the world in emissions.   Its shows that more or less ocean shipping industry contributed to environmental problems, hence warships are not excluded.   Even though warship has been thoroughly design, but it still contributes to some extend the environmental effect while doing their operational task.   As we go through our daily life, which is increasingly becoming fast paced and hectic, only a few of us take a time out to look around and notice the devastating effects of modem civilization on the environment.   The environment has to sustain not only the basic human needs for survival but also the conversion of raw materials into goods and services. Ensure continuous improvement in the productivity and quality of the environment while pursuing economic growth and human development. Ensure the highest commitment to environmental protection and accountability by all decision makers in the public and private sectors, resource users, non-governmental organisations and the general public, in formulating, planning and implementing their activities. Based on above principles in Malaysia National Policy on the Environment, the RMN is yet to adopt this principle officially because the negative aspect to the environment is very minute, but in a long term period the effect will slowly affect the environment, and this will de discuss further in following paragraph.   Therefore, planning and implementing activities from designing of warships to the way executioner part of the operations are to be monitored and suit to the highest commitment of environmental protection. Malaysia has a sound and viable National Environmental Policy and adequate legal regime to cope with challenges of the present day marine pollution issues   The protection of the marine environment and degree of the RMN compliance were based on Environmental Quality Act 1974, Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Oil Pollution Act 1994, Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 and Fisheries Act 1985. 3.2 RELATED MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Threats to the environment are an increasing concern for states, societies and the international community. In relations to naval operations, below are the related maritime environmental issue which more or less hascontributed to the emerging problems. 3.2.1 Water Pollution Water pollution may be less conspicuous than the solid waste pollution, but it is probably even more dangerous.   This is partly because a wider range of harmful chemicals falls in this category and partly because it is more mobile as compared to the solid waste materials.   With regard to marine environmental issues, liquid pollutants are generated from ships and offshore installations.   Liquids are simply dumped into the oceans without any treatment.   One of the most common liquid wastes is sewage.   In many cases sewage is discharged to the sea without any treatment, which will create disease producing bacteria thus the plant and animal life in it cannot survive and the water becomes anoxic or lifeless. 3.2.2 Air Pollution and Degradation of the Atmosphere Air pollution is one of the toxic forms that affect the environment.   Air, by far, is the most important aspect to human life.Air pollution and air quality has become a huge topic in the world today.   The air quality is different depending on your location where about.   For examples, Los Angeles is very smoggy and has poor quality versus the forests of Brazil that have very clean air, meanwhile Kuala Lumpur is experiencing seasonal haze from month of July to October every year.   Polluting the air with any kind of foreignmaterial such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, chlorine, chloroform, chlorinedioxide and making environment dangerous to live for living species is called air pollution. Air pollution is actually the accumulation of any unsafe substances to the atmosphere, which causes the destructive of the environment, human health and the quality of life.   The increasing of shipping industries has increased in air pollution and even though ships are operating far from land, more or less it has contributed to the increase in the death rates resulting from various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollution does not only affect people, but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animals are harmed as well. Air pollution has reached such a critical stage where it affects the earths atmosphere as it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise in temperature, which scientists refer to as ‘global warming.   Pursuant to this rise i n temperature the world food supply and sea level will be affected, also there is the probability of the increase in the tropical disease. Air pollution also has a dramatic effect on natural resources.   Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and rivers perform many important services for Earths environment.   They enhance water and air quality, provide habitat for plants and animals, and provide food and medicines. Any or all of these ecosystem functions may be impaired or destroyed by air pollution.   Moreover, because of the complex relationships among the many types of organisms and ecosystems, environmental contamination may have far-reaching consequences that are not immediately obvious or that are difficult to predict. 3.2.3 Global Warming The excessive production of Carbon dioxide to the environment is one of the factors that have affected the ozone layer.Thus it willprevent some amount of solar energy from being radiated back to space. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming.Among the industrialized countries, USA, Russia, Japan and France are the largest contributors to this menace.USA alone accounts for 42% of the total carbon dioxide emission all over the wor1d.Most countries in this region like Malaysia and Indonesia are rapidly approaching the emission levels recorded.As of now a rise of average atmospheric temperature has been reported over the past 75 years and is likely to continue into the next century. Global warming has resulted in shrinking of glaciers and ice sheets; a rise of 6 to 37inches in the mean sea level is predicted by the year 2100.Low lying countries within this region such as Bangladesh and Indonesia risk getting submerged by the rising sea levels. Glob al warming will aggravate the water crisis in summer months. It would also lead to expansion of geographical range of tropical pests and will increase the chances of forest fires. 3.2.4 Ozone Depletions The stratospheric ozone layer existing between altitudes of 12 to 35 kilometres is considered as a protective shield or an umbrella for the earth because it prevents the ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth.In the absence of this layer, no life would be possible because the sun rays would raise the temperature of the lower atmosphere making the earth a blast furnace. The importance of the ozone layer came to light in 1985 when a hole was detected over Antarctica.Chloro Flouro Carbons or CFCs are the group of the gases, which are largely responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. These synthetic chemicals are widely used as propellants in spray cans, air conditions and refrigerators. Thus CFCs in addition to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are termed as greenhouse gases as they all contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition to this, Ozone layer depletion has caused a definite rise in the cases of skin cancer it is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that 12% decrease in the ozone layer would cause skin cancer in up to half a million people per annum. 3.2.5 Acid Rain Acid rain is the serious pollution hazard. It causes irreparable damage to agricultural crops, forests, aquatic life and even the human body. It corrodes buildings, pollutes the drinking water and degrades soil. Major sources of sulphur dioxide emission are thermal power plants, crude oil refineries and automobiles, which together account for 50% of the sulphur dioxide pollution.Rainwater of pH less than 5.6 is considered acidic. Emissions of waste gases from industries, vehicle exhausts and power generation are causes of rainwater acidity.When the pH levels of lakes and rivers fall below about 5.5, many species of fish will die, and this in turn is followed by changes in the ecosystem.Acid rain is corrosive to metals such as iron and zinc roof, marble and limestone.Low pH values have been attributed by an increased in industrial activity and large numbers of motor vehicles emitting considerable amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere.Acid rain is detrimental to life and life-support systems. Acidity is measured by hydrogen ion concentration, designated as pH, and is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. A pH value below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.Rain acidity in Peninsular Malaysia is on the rise and the number of areas affected by acid rain is growing. Studies by the Meteorological Service Department exposed that, to date the acid rain is becomingworrying environmental problem. 3.3 BINDING LAWS Most of the international environmental law is based on agreement or treaty.With regard to the protection of the marine environment, Malaysia adheres to a number of international conventions. The treaties are as follows: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. Maritime Pollutions Convention (MARPOL), 73/78. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 1990. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992. Treaties are made to be performed. ‘Pacta sunt servanda or the rule that treaties arebinding on the parties and must be performed in good faith is the fundamental principle of customary international law. This principle has been reaffirmed in Article 26 of theVienna Convention on the law of Treaties 1969, ‘Every treaty in force is binding uponthe parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Therefore, Malaysia is obliged to the binding laws and thus not excluding the RMN in this context. This paper will only discuss one domestic rule and twointernational treaties as to examine and relate the degree of the RMN compliance in environmental issues. 3.3.1 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Act 1984 The Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 is an important Malaysian statute devised to implement certain aspects of the UNCLOS 1982.Part IV of the EEZ Act deals with p